Respiration, Circulatory, & Excretory Systems Chapter 37 Circulatory System: Week 4/23 - 5/1 Respiratory System: Week 5/4 - 5/8 Excretory Systems (Kidneys): Week 5/11 - 5/14

Circulation System Evolution Fish: 2-chambered heart single circuit of blood flow Amphibians: 3-chambered heart 2 circuits of blood flow- Circulation is “Pulmocutaneous” (lungs and skin) Some mixing of blood Mammals: 4-chambered heart Double circulation Complete separation between oxygen-rich and oxygen poor blood

Circulation System Evolution

Key Structures of the Heart Septum (middle of the heart) Aorta (aortic arch) Vena Cava Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary veins Ventricles (4) Right Atrium (oxygen poor blood) Left Atrium (oxygen rich blood) Right Ventricle (oxygen poor blood) Left Ventricle (oxygen rich blood) Valves (4): one way attached to inner wall of the heart Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve Bicuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (Mitral) Pulmonary Semilunar valve Aortic Semilunar Valve 4 Main vessels going in & out of the heart **Remember: “A”rteries carry blood AWAY from the heart & Veins carry blood toward the heart **Exiting Valves

Internal Structure of the Heart

Pulmonary artery Aorta Pulmonary artery Superior vena cava LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT ATRIUM Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Semilunar valve Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve Atrioventricular valve Inferior vena cava RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE Figure 23.4A

RBC Pathway through the Circulatory System Blood from Systemic Circuit  Vena cava (inferior & superior) Right atrium  (Tricuspid valve-AV valve) Right ventricle  (Pulmonary semilunar valve) Pulmonary circuit –Lungs (P. arteries LungsP. veins) Left atrium  (Bicuspid “Mitral” valve) Left Ventricle  (Aortic semilunar valve) Aorta (arch, coronary, carotid, & abdominal, renal, mesenteric, iliac arteries)

Video#2 : “A Heart Attack” Write 10 Key Statements

Introductory Questions #1 The heart has four valves in it. Name them. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. Name the two large veins that bring blood to the heart from the rest of the body. In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four components of blood. What % of your blood is composed of red blood cells? What about white blood cells?

IQ #2 11. vessel 10. vessel 1. vessel 2. chamber 9. vessels 3. valve Pulmonary artery 11. vessel Aorta 10. vessel Pulmonary artery 1. vessel Superior vena cava LEFT ATRIUM 2. chamber RIGHT ATRIUM Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins 9. vessels 3. valve Semilunar valve Semilunar valve 8. valve Atrioventricular valve 7. valve Atrioventricular valve 4. vessel Inferior vena cava 5. chamber RIGHT VENTRICLE 6. chamber LEFT VENTRICLE Figure 23.4A

Observation of a Cow’s Heart Make a drawing of your section you received-ID it as the anterior or posterior section. Make labels and pin your specimen Include these labels on your drawing. Optional-Take a picture of your labeled specimen. Labels: -Septum -Left & Right Ventricle -Left & Right Atrium -Aorta -AV valve (tricuspid & Bicuspid) -Semilunar valve (pulmonary & aortic)

Video #1: Circulation: River of Life (Ch. 37.2) What is the primary function of the circulatory system? How is an open circulatory system different a closed? Give an example of an organism that has an open circulatory system. How is a vein different from an artery? Give two differences. Name FOUR chambers and the four valves within the heart. **Write the title for this segment and give FIVE statements.

11. vessel 10. vessel 1. vessel 2. chamber 9. vessels 3. valve Pulmonary artery 11. vessel Aorta 10. vessel Pulmonary artery 1. vessel Superior vena cava LEFT ATRIUM 2. chamber RIGHT ATRIUM Pulmonary veins 9. vessels Pulmonary veins 3. valve Semilunar valve 8. valve Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve 7. valve Atrioventricular valve 4. vessel Inferior vena cava 5. chamber RIGHT VENTRICLE 6. chamber LEFT VENTRICLE Figure 23.4A

What is a heart attack? A heart attack is damage that occurs when a coronary feeding the heart is blocked Aorta Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Blockage Dead muscle tissue Figure 23.8A

Reading Assignment Using the handout read and review some of the key aspects of the circulatory system. On a separate sheet paper answer Questions on Pgs 25 & 26 from the second handout.

Label & Color your Hear Diagram Be sure to use RED for all areas that contains oxygen rich blood and BLUE for areas with oxygen poor blood. All valves must be correctly labeled

Posterior view of the Heart

Valves within the Heart

Double Circulation From right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries through semilunar valve (pulmonary circulation) Capillary beds in lungs to left atrium via pulmonary veins Left atrium to left ventricle (through atrioventricular valve) to aorta Aorta to coronary arteries; then systemic circulation Back to heart via two venae cavae (superior and inferior); right atrium

Introductory Questions #1 The heart has four valves in it. Name them. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. Name the two large veins that bring blood to the heart from the rest of the body. In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four components of blood. What % of your blood is composed of red blood cells? What about white blood cells?

NUMBER (per mm3 of blood) Pg. 880 Withdraw blood Centrifuge Place in tube PLASMA 55% CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45% Solvent for carrying other substances CELL TYPE NUMBER (per mm3 of blood) FUNCTIONS Water Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Salts 5–6 million Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability Leukocytes (white blood cells) Defense and immunity 5,000–10,000 Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobins (antibodies) Osmotic balance, pH buffering Clotting Immunity Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Substances transported by blood Monocyte Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Neutrophil Platelets 250,000– 400,000 Blood clotting Figure 23.13

IQ #2 11. vessel 10. vessel 1. vessel 2. chamber 9. vessels 3. valve Pulmonary artery 11. vessel Aorta 10. vessel Pulmonary artery 1. vessel Superior vena cava LEFT ATRIUM 2. chamber RIGHT ATRIUM Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins 9. vessels 3. valve Semilunar valve Semilunar valve 8. valve Atrioventricular valve 7. valve Atrioventricular valve 4. vessel Inferior vena cava 5. chamber RIGHT VENTRICLE 6. chamber LEFT VENTRICLE Figure 23.4A

Introductory Questions #3 Name the cell fragments that aide in the process of blood clotting. (pg. 977) What substances are found in the plasma of blood? (pg. 975) Name the proteins that are found on the surface of red blood cells.

Introductory Questions #4 Give three differences between arteries and veins. Why must blood slow down as it reaches a capillary bed? Where in the heart is the “pacemaker” and what role does it serve?

The Heart Contracts and Relaxes Rhythmically 1 Heart is relaxed. AV valves are open. Diastole Blood flows from the veins into the heart chambers 2 Atria contract. Systole The atria briefly contract and fill the ventricles with blood Then the ventricles contract and propel blood out SYSTOLE 0.1 sec 3 Ventricles contract. Semilunar valves are open. 0.3 sec 0.4 sec DIASTOLE Figure 23.6

The Heartbeat Sinoatrial (SA) node (“pacemaker”): sets rate and timing of cardiac contraction by generating electrical signals Atrioventricular (AV) node: relay point (0.1 second delay) spreading impulse to walls of ventricles Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Velocity of Blood Aorta: 30cm/sec on average Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec Change is caused by the Law of Continuity As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries determines flow rate Each artery branches extensively to an enormous number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow rate is slowed.

No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave a cell Capillary Diffusion of molecules INTERSTITIAL FLUID Tissue cell Figure 23.1B

NUMBER (per mm3 of blood) Pg. 880 Withdraw blood Centrifuge Place in tube PLASMA 55% CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45% Solvent for carrying other substances CELL TYPE NUMBER (per mm3 of blood) FUNCTIONS Water Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Salts 5–6 million Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability Leukocytes (white blood cells) Defense and immunity 5,000–10,000 Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobins (antibodies) Osmotic balance, pH buffering Clotting Immunity Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Substances transported by blood Monocyte Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Neutrophil Platelets 250,000– 400,000 Blood clotting Figure 23.13

SSR Guide for Presenters Give your name Hold up the your source FIVE key points with a brief summary of what you read. The rest of us need to write points discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover sheet.

Assignment Packet Cover sheet Circulatory System Handout Questions Video Notes (x3) Heart Diagram (ID &* Color) Mini-lab Activity: Cow’s Heart (w/stamp)

Introductory Questions #1 What type of instrument is used to measure a person’s blood pressure? Why is knowing a person’s blood pressure important? What is “normal” or average blood pressure at rest? What about heart rate? What does the top number and bottom number represent when reading blood pressure?

Pressure is highest in the arteries Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure It drops to zero by the time the blood reaches the veins Relative sizes and numbers of blood vessels Figure 23.9A

Velocity of Blood Aorta: 30cm/sec on average Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec Change is caused by the Law of Continuity As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries determines flow rate Each artery branches extensively to an enormous number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow rate is slowed.

Blood Vessel Structural Differences Capillaries •endothelium; basement membrane Arteries •thick connective tissue; thick smooth muscle; endothelium; basement membrane Veins •thin connective tissue; thin smooth muscle; endothelium; basement membrane

Match the Blood Vessels with its location in the Body Carotid artery Heart Jugular vein Liver Coronary Stomach Hepatic Kidney Renal Neck (2) Iliac Arm Brachial Thigh Femoral Pelvic Gastric

Measuring Blood Pressure can Reveal Cardiovascular Problems Blood pressure is measured as systolic and diastolic pressures Sphygmomanometer Blood pressure 120 systolic 80 diastolic (to be measured) Pressure in cuff above 120 Pressure in cuff below 120 Pressure in cuff below 80 Rubber cuff inflated with air Sounds audible in stethoscope Sounds stop Artery Artery closed 2 3 4 1 Figure 23.10

Lab Activity-Measuring Blood Pressure & Heart Rate Answer to Part A (Fill in Blanks) Arterial Systolic Diastolic Heart Blood pressure Spygmomanometer Mm Hg Pulse pressure (40mmHg) Brachial

Today’s Activities Start IQ #3 ****stamp Hmwk: Pg. 974 #1-4 Discuss the homework Discuss Lab Questions from yesterday Lect/Disc: Respiratory system Answer IQ #2 & IQ #3 **Begin Video #1: The Respiratory System

Introductory Questions #3 Name the two types of muscles that allow you to breath in and out. (pg. 973) When a person inhales, what happens to the diaphragm? What about when you exhale? When the space in the chest cavity (volume) increases which way does the air move? The textbook states that it creates a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)

Introductory Questions #2 Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these terms in the correct order that tracks air as you breath: -Pharynx -nose & mouth -bronchi -alveoli -bronchioles -trachea How does your body protect itself from the millions of particles in the air as you breath? (see pg. 972) What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded by?

Mammalian Respiratory Systems Bronchi (tube to lungs) Bronchioles Alveoli (air sacs) Diaphragm (breathing muscle) Larynx (upper part of respiratory tract) Vocal cords (sound production) Trachea (windpipe)

The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli Alveoli form the respiratory surface of the lungs Oxygen diffuses through the thin walls of the alveoli into the blood Figure 22.6C Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Bronchiole Alveoli Blood capillaries Figure 22.6B

Breathing Positive pressure breathing: pushes air into lungs (frog) Negative pressure breathing: pulls air into lungs (mammals) Inhalation: diaphragm contraction; Exhalation: diaphragm relaxation Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (500ml) Vital capacity: maximum tidal volume during forced breathing Regulation: CO2 concentration in blood (medulla oblongata)

The Thoracic Cavity

Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to heart disease Smoking also causes emphysema Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture This reduces the lungs’ capacity for gas exchange Figure 22.7A, B

Video: Gas Exchange

The human respiratory system Nasal cavity Pharynx (Esophagus) Left lung Larynx Trachea Right lung Bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) Figure 22.6A

Video #1: The Respiratory System Name (2) factors that affect the rate of gas Exchange. What does Dr. Karen Martin discuss and review? Name the two organisms used in explaining how air can be stored for long periods of time when diving. Dr. Christopher Cooper discusses the process of ________ How is gas exchange different in a unicellular organism vs. a multicellular? Name (2) challenges faced by larger body sizes **Write the title for each segment and FIVE statements for each segment.

Volumes for Air Exchange Vital Capacity: 4500 cm3 Breath out all the air you can Tidal volume: 500 cm3 Normal breath Inspirational reserve: 3000 cm3 Excess air you can still breath in -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Residual air left over: 1000 cm3 (cannot be forced out) *Lungs will collapse, alveoli require this amount of air at all times.

During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood rises, lowering the blood pH This triggers a cascade of events Brain Cerebrospinal fluid BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS—stimulated by: Pons Medulla CO2 increase / pH decrease in blood Nerve signal indicating low O2 level Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles O2 sensor in artery Diaphragm Figure 22.9 Rib muscles

Introductory Questions #2 Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these terms in the correct order that tracks air as you breath: -Pharynx -nose & mouth -bronchi -alveoli -bronchioles -trachea How does your body protect itself from the millions of particles in the air as you breath? (see pg. 972) What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded by?

Introductory Questions #3 Name the two types of muscles that allow you to breath in and out. (pg. 973) When a person inhales, what happens to the diaphragm? What about when you exhale? When the space in the chest cavity (volume) increases which way does the air move? The textbook states that it creates a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)

NUMBER (per mm3 of blood) Pg. 880 Withdraw blood Centrifuge Place in tube PLASMA 55% CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45% Solvent for carrying other substances CELL TYPE NUMBER (per mm3 of blood) FUNCTIONS Water Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Salts 5–6 million Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability Leukocytes (white blood cells) Defense and immunity 5,000–10,000 Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobins (antibodies) Osmotic balance, pH buffering Clotting Immunity Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Substances transported by blood Monocyte Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Neutrophil Platelets 250,000– 400,000 Blood clotting Figure 23.13

Introductory Questions #4 Name the flap of cartilage that covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow food. (see pg. 971) Where does the actual exchange (diffusion) of O2 and CO2 gases occur? Why does it occur at this place? Which part of the brain controls the rate and depth of breathing by sending impulses (signals) to the diaphragm and rib muscles?

Answers to Handouts Pg 28 Q1) Veins Carry blood to the heart at low pressure Q2) a. Draw diagram with these labels: (see pgs. 979-980) -lumen, endothelium, Elastic fibers & smooth muscle b. Arteries: thicker, more elastic, usually has O2 rich blood, small lumen, high pressure c. Veins thin wall (low pressure) vs. arteries which have thicker walls (high pressure) Q3) a. Diagram drawn from reading handout A. Vein B. Artery b. Valve (one-way) c. Function: to prevent backflow of blood (keeping blood moving forward) d. The Heart e. Draw arrows on your diagram showing the flow of blood f. Skeletal muscle contraction g. Contractions of the heart (ventricles) h. Both have a lume, smooth muscle and an endothelium for the walls Q4) a. exchange nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide b. Structure of a capillary is very thin, only a few cells make it up, This makes it very “leaky” permeable for substance to move in and out.

Answers to Handouts Pg 29 Q1) Q2) Q3) Q4)