Who lives where, and Why? AP Environmental Science Mrs. Perryman

Adaptations Organisms “want” to be well suited to their environment. Organisms “want” to be well suited to their environment. Kangaroo Rat Kangaroo Rat Kangaroo Rat Kangaroo Rat

Adaptations Habitat Mohave Desert Mohave Desert Extreme Heat during the day Extreme Heat during the day Extreme cold at night Extreme cold at night Little Water Little Water Plants adapted with small seeds Plants adapted with small seeds Adaptations-Structures and behaviors Living in Burrows Cheek pouches open to their shoulders for more storage. Cheek pouches open to their shoulders for more storage. Foot Stomping Foot Stomping Kicking sand Kicking sand specialized kidney’s that allow them to conserve water. specialized kidney’s that allow them to conserve water.

Adaptations An inherited trait that increases the chances that an individual organism can survive IN THAT HABITAT An inherited trait that increases the chances that an individual organism can survive IN THAT HABITAT What are some of the adaptations of the polar bear? What are some of the adaptations of the polar bear? Will they survive? Will they survive?

Natural Selection Unequal survival and reproduction that results from the presence or absence of particular traits. Unequal survival and reproduction that results from the presence or absence of particular traits. Kangaroo Rat vs Urban Rat

Five Points of Evolution by All organisms have the ability to produce more offspring then can survive. All organisms have the ability to produce more offspring then can survive. The environment contains “things” that kill organisms. The environment contains “things” that kill organisms. Individuals in a population vary genetically, or differ, in their traits. Individuals in a population vary genetically, or differ, in their traits. Some inherited traits give individuals an advantage in coping with environmental change. Some inherited traits give individuals an advantage in coping with environmental change. Individuals with advantageous traits tend to survive and reproduce more offspring. Individuals with advantageous traits tend to survive and reproduce more offspring.

Evolution A change in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to the next. A change in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to the next. Peppered Moth Peppered Moth Peppered Moth Peppered Moth

Natural Selection There is variation in traits. For example, some beetles are green and some are brown. There is variation in traits. For example, some beetles are green and some are brown. There is differential reproduction. Since the environment can't support unlimited population growth, not all individuals get to reproduce to their full potential. In this example, green beetles tend to get eaten by birds and survive to reproduce less often than brown beetles do. There is differential reproduction. Since the environment can't support unlimited population growth, not all individuals get to reproduce to their full potential. In this example, green beetles tend to get eaten by birds and survive to reproduce less often than brown beetles do. There is heredity. The surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles because this trait has a genetic basis. There is heredity. The surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles because this trait has a genetic basis. End result: The more advantageous trait, brown coloration, which allows the beetle to have more offspring, becomes more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown. End result: The more advantageous trait, brown coloration, which allows the beetle to have more offspring, becomes more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown.

Critical Factors and Tolerance Limits

Extinction The irreversible loss of a species The irreversible loss of a species

Extirpated An organism that was once found in a region, is no longer found in that location, but still exists. An organism that was once found in a region, is no longer found in that location, but still exists. In Illinois the Wolf is considered extirpated (although there have been some unconfirmed sightings in Southern and Central Illinois) In Illinois the Wolf is considered extirpated (although there have been some unconfirmed sightings in Southern and Central Illinois)

Darwin and Wallace Darwin publishes Origin of Species in 1859 Darwin publishes Origin of Species in 1859

Types of Evolution Divergent- on ancestor becomes many species Divergent- on ancestor becomes many species Convergent- unrelated species begin to look alike usually do to ecosystem demands Convergent- unrelated species begin to look alike usually do to ecosystem demands Co-Evolution-process in which many protective or defensive adaptations exert selective pressure Co-Evolution-process in which many protective or defensive adaptations exert selective pressure

Convergent Evolution

Co-Evolution BumblebeesBumblebees and the flowers they pollinate have co-evolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival.flowerspollinate