Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning Unit 9 Development.

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Presentation transcript:

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning Unit 9 Development

Cognitive Development Developing Morality Lawrence Kohlberg Preconventional morality Conventional morality Postconventional morality Moral feeling Moral action

Preconventional Stage: (<9 years) Children haven’t developed their own moral rules yet. REWARDS AND PUNISHMENT Level 1: Fear of punishment (powerful authority, fixed set of rules) Level 2: Self-interest and exchange (different authorities have different expectations, so serve yourself)

Conventional Stage: (>9 years) Individuals recognize they are members of society with values and norms NORMS AND SOCIAL ORDER Level 3: Conformity to gain approval Level 4: Maintaining social order, fulfilling obligations, upholding laws

Post-conventional Stage: (> adolescence; formal operations is required) Individuals are concerned with principles that make for a good society even if they oppose social convention. RIGHTS AND PRINCIPLES Level 5: Emphasis is on basic human rights and democratic process Level 6: Belief in universally just principles.

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory 1) Very rare to find people with postconventional reasoning (no one in original study answered this way; he hypothesized its existence in some famous people (like Gandhi or Immanuel Kant) 2) research based on all male subjects. a. Carol Gilligan repeated study with women and came up with her own scale: Ethics of care: Preconventional – moral behavior is self-serving Conventional – moral behavior is self-sacrificing Post-conventional – more behavior attempts to avoid harm to self and others. 3) Some non-Western cultures have a much greater emphasis on interdependence and concern for welfare of the group. Again, Kohlberg’s theory implies that this ethic is inferior.