Chapter 1

 Do you believe more in freedom, order, or equality? Write a paragraph (at least 5 sentences) explaining your answer.  You need to do this in your portfolio (notebook). You will have at least 2 scenarios per chapter. Put the scenarios on the same page in that chapter of your portfolio. 2

 Graded on:  Scenario paragraphs (minimum 5 sentences each)  Chapter Assignment  Notes – you must take at least some notes each day of lecture. Write down the most important things you need to remember/study  Other  Turn in on test day 3

4 Chapter 1 Scenario 2: Read Page 3-4. Should Government spend billions on bailouts when taxpayers bear the burden?

 To explain the workings of government  To enable students to evaluate policy decisions and relationships  Politics at home and abroad  Individual freedoms vs. personal security  Individual freedom vs. social equality 5

 Do you like being told what to do?  Do you like being coerced into acting a certain way?  Billions of people accept power of government…what side of road to drive, what constitutes a contract, how to dispose of waste, taxes, etc.  Why??? 6

 Organization using legitimate use of force (including firearms, imprisonment, and execution) within specified geographical boundaries to control human behavior. 7

 Concept of government has evolved  Initially territorial in nature  Idea of national sovereignty  Is U.S. sovereignty threatened by globalization (interdependence of nations across the world)?  International Criminal Court  (soldiers/death penalty) 8

 To live under a government that fiercely protects individual freedom OR one protecting against physical/economic threats?  To let all citizens keep same share of income or to tax wealthier people more to fund programs for the poor?  (Discuss with your __ partner) 9

 Citizens and nations differ in degree of globalization  KOF study places U.S. at 27 of 181  See chart on page 8.  The U.S. closely tied to both friends and former enemies in worldwide economic, social, and political network (China, Russia, OIL) 10

 Citizens must surrender some freedoms to be provided services by a government  Governmental control vs. personal freedoms  Most willing to give up some freedoms for governmental benefits 11

12 Rosa Parks Is this equality? Is equality a purpose of government?

1. To maintain order  Hobbes – focused on peoples’ safety/survival  Locke – wanted life, liberty, and property  Marx – ownership of land and production to the people/government (Communism) 2. To provide public goods  Usually for things not likely to be provided by individuals  Controversial as to what goods or services appropriate (Is bailout public good?) 3. More recently in the U.S., to promote equality - $$?  Controversial: policies promoting equality by redistributing income (taking from wealthy, giving to poor) 13

 “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” – Karl Marx  Minimum Wage increase 2007  $5.15 – $7.25  Is this redistribution?  Social Equality – same sex marriage rights 14

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16 This engraving is from the 1651 edition of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes. It shows a sovereign holding a sword and a scepter of justice. He watches over a an orderly town, made peaceful by his absolute authority. But note that the sovereign’s body is composed of tiny images of his subjects. He exists only through them. Hobbes explains that such government power can be created only if people “confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will.”

 Most governmental decisions based on a tradeoff in values  What values a government decides to pursue grouped in three categories:  Freedom  Order  Equality 17

 Two categories for models of democratic government:  Majoritarian democracy  Pluralist democracy 18 More in Chapter 2

 Freedom, order, equality….what do these words mean to you?  Do they have positive/negative connotations? 19

 Two basic types of freedom:  Freedom of, or freedom to do things without constraints (absence of constraints)  Freedom from oppression or exploitation  These concepts also described as liberty and equality 20 Freedom of = freedom Freedom from = equality

21 FDR before WWII..see page Norman Rockwell paintings – became famous posters during WWII. Reminder of what they were fighting for.

 Can be viewed narrowly as preservation of life and protection of property or broadly as preserving social order  Social order generally held to be the traditional or accepted way of doing things  Protections via police powers  Balance between protections and civil liberties sometimes difficult to achieve 22 Is preserving social order a function of government?

 1980s – banning smoking in public places  1990s – porn on the Internet  After 9/11/01 – deterring terrorism  2009 – Christmas Day bomber – full body scanners 23

 According to your text:  Preserving life  Protecting property  Maintaining traditional social relationships 24

25 Compared with other nations, Americans do not value order very much, but do favor protecting freedom of speech.

 Used in many different senses  Basic definition of political equality is one person, one vote  Do some people have “more” than one vote?  Some expand definition to include social equality, or equality in wealth, education, and status  Equality of opportunity vs. equality of outcome 26

 Equality of Opportunity: Each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life  A right/Theory  Equality of Outcome: Society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved.  Results 27

 Constitution prohibits titles of nobility  And does not make owning property a requirement for voting or holding office  Public schools and libraries open to all  Other examples? 28

 Comparable funding for men’s and women’s college sports.  Affirmative action programs to increase minority hiring  Federal laws requiring employers to pay men and women equally for equal work  Affirmative action in preferential treatment of minorities in college admissions 29 Does this clash with the concept of freedom? Redistribution?

30 While they still have a long way to go, women are being treated more equally in the military. Although not allowed in units engaged in direct combat, they often find themselves in battle and even killed. As of February 2009, 102 female soldiers had been killed by hostile fire in Iraq, more than 2x as many women killed in the military from the end of WWII to the start of the Iraq War.

 Date this ___ and put in your portfolio.  I will put you in 4 groups. Each group needs to come up with 3 arguments related to equality in the military.  Group 1: Why women should participate in combat  Group 2: Why women should NOT participate in combat  Group 3: Why homosexual men/women should be allowed to openly serve  Group 4: Why homosexual men/women should NOT be allowed to openly serve 31 List your arguments in your portfolio under ___.

 Order and equality valuable, but require limitations in individual freedoms  Original dilemma was freedom vs. order; has evolved to encompass more issues  Personal safety, whether from attack or diseases like AIDS  Other issues such as capital punishment and access to controversial videos on YouTube  Strengthening one value takes away from the other 32 See 2009 survey results on page 20-21

 Modern dilemma is freedom vs. equality  Values clash when government makes policies to enforce equality  Equal pay for women and men  School busing  Discrimination based on many things, including DNA  Americans more likely to choose freedom over equality 33

 Opinions about the merits of various public policies differ greatly  Some persons have values and beliefs that produce contradictory opinions (based on self - interests)  Other persons have a consistent political ideology (a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government)  Different political ideologies form a continuum (see next slide) 34

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 Totalitarianism – unlimited power; controls everything; “Big Brother”; Hitler; Stalin  Socialism – Government controls basic industries. Allows more room for private ownership than communism  Strong gov role in economy  Democratic socialism – gives civil liberties (Western Europe)  Communism – usually totalitarian 36

 Capitalism – free enterprise  railroads, airlines, tv stations owned privately  Libertarianism – Very limited government (only protecting life/property)  Gov should not promote order or equality  Traffic laws = yes; helmets/seat belts = no  Laissez faire – let people do as they please 37

 Anarchism – opposes all government  Pure anarchy objects to even traffic laws  Government an unnecessary evil used by wealthy to exploit everyone else 38

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 Which of the previous ideologies on page do you align with? Explain why giving examples of things you agree on. 40

 Practical politics in the U.S. ranges over the center of the ideological continuum  The extremes of political thought rarely argued in public debates  Most Americans either liberals or conservatives  Differences center on role of government 41

 Historical differences were government’s role in delivering public goods  Today, differences focus on the purpose of government  Conservatives support maintenance of social order  Liberals want government to promote equality 42

 Government spending on public goods  Conservatives – less  Liberals – more  Conservatives – swifter punishment  Also preserving traditional social patterns  Liberals – more tolerant of alternative lifestyles (homesexuals) 43

 Conservatives may not oppose equality – just don’t value it.  They don’t think it’s a government role  Liberals think government sponsodred equality is valid and necessary 44

45 Gives a good synopsis of what conservatives value (Democrats probably disagree with this picture)

 Accurate classifications require looking at values of freedom, order, and equality  Libertarians value freedom more than order or equality  Liberals value freedom more than order, but not more than equality  Conservatives value freedom more than equality, but are willing to restrict it to preserve social order  Communitarians favor programs that support both order and equality 46

47 How much freedom should be sacrificed in pursuit of order and equality? Libertarians and Communitarians are consistent in their attitude toward scope of government activity. Liberals & conservatives favor or oppose government activity depending on its purpose.

 Which of the values (Libertarian, Liberal, Conservative, Communitarian) do you consider yourself? Give examples to explain. 48