Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond Prof. Dr. Tom Vander Beken Research Conference on Organized Crime Bundeskriminalamt, Frankfurt/Main, 18 November 2008

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 Intro: Research in Belgium and beyond Organised crime research -in Belgium -with a European view (European research projects, European policy making) -and a focus on the phenomenon (assessing organised crime) rather than on the reaction (tackling organised crime) 2

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Overview 1. Belgian policy calls for better reports 2. EU-intelligence led approach 3. Research introduces risk approach 4. Conceptual model 5. Risk, threat, harm and vulnerability 6. Vulnerability studies 7. Assessments and future 8. Larger EU projects 9. Research results: the example of itinerant groups 10. Conclusion

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Belgian policy calls for better reports 1996: Action Plan to fight organised crime (Minister for Justice) 1998: Parliamentary Enquiry Commission on organised crime Need for reports on organised crime that: -do more than reporting on law enforcement activity: (in)significant law enforcement action can “create” (in)significant phenomena; - provide information to think ahead about possible future developments (more than the report on last year’s situation); and -give not only numbers of criminals, groups or activities, but an understanding of the dangerousness and seriousness of the phenomenon including priorities. 4

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November EU-intelligence led approach “Continued work is needed to improve the validity, reliability and international comparability of data on organised crime, and on the annual situation reports. In this connection a uniform concept of collection and use of data on organised crime and related phenomena should, to the maximum extent possible, be established so that a practical strategic analysis can be made, leading to the most appropriate measures to combat and prevent organised crime. A more proactive, intelligence-led approach is needed to detect and interrupt organised criminal activities, apprehend offenders, demolish criminal networks, and seize and confiscate the proceeds of crime. The targetting of investigation and the planning of the response of society to organised crime requires knowledge of the profile, motives and modus operandi of the offenders, the scope and trends in organised crime, the impact of organised crime in society, and the effectiveness of the response to organised crime. This knowledge includes operational data (data related to individual suspected and detected cases) and empirical data (qualitative and quantitative criminological data)…” (Millenniumstrategy, 2000) “Analytical capacity within law enforcement agencies of the Member States is a rather new tool and, if available, is usually applied within the context of evidence gathering but not for detection and anticipation of crime-facilitating opportunities and crime trends. Threat assessments, situation reports and risk assessments (identification of vulnerable areas) carried out by law enforcement agencies are often descriptive analysis products. These products should, in addition, be turned into explanatory (understanding the causes of crime) and predictive (prognosis of future developments) analytical products.” (Joint Report by the Commission Services and Europol, 2001)

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Research introduces risk approach 2000: Scientific research of IRCP for the Belgian Minister of Justice on the development of a new methodology for the Belgian organised crime report. Introduction of a future oriented, risk based four- pillared reporting system: environmental scan (1), oc-group analysis (2), counter measure analysis (3) and market (illegal and legal) analysis (4) 2001: Acceptance IRCP-methodology at EU-level (Crimorg 133) : A feasability study of a risk based methodology in the EU. A Pilot Study in Belgium, Italy, Sweden and the EU (Hippokrates Programme, European Commission- IRCP, Transcrime (Trento- Milan) and the Swedish Council for Crime Prevention)

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Conceptual model Action Plan to Study Organised Crime at European Level (Council of the European Union, 8 January 2002, Crimorg 133, 14959/01)

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November a. Risk, threat, harm and vulnerability Risk is the chance of something happening that will have an impact upon objectives. Threat arises when a source of risk has an intent to occur or has the capability to do so. Harm is the damage occuring should a threat be realised. Vulnerability is an aspect of the environment offering opportunities to the threat to cause harm. 8

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November b. Risk, threat, harm and vulnerability 9 THREAT (criminals) RISKVULNERABILITY (environment) HARM (society)

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Vulnerability studies : Vulnerability of economic sectors to organised crime. Methodology and application to the diamond sector in Belgium (Ministry of Science - IRCP and Antwerp University) : A Method for the Assessment of Vulnerability of Economic Sectors (MAVUS I & II)) and application to four economic sectors: European transport, waste, music, pharmaceutical sector: (AGIS programme European Commission – IRCP, Transcrime (Trento- Milan), Rotterdam University and Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law Freiburg) : Fashion sector Milan (Calovi) and taxi sector the Netherlands (EIM) : Combining vulnerability studies and threat assessments (Danger project) (Ministry for Science – IRCP, Leuven University (L. Paoli) and Rotterdam University (H. Van de Bunt & N. Dorn)

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Assessments and future : S cientific research for the European Commission on the method and the assessment of likely future trends in organised crime in Europe (OCO): Development of a method for environmental scanning, draft of an EU scan and three national scans (Belgium, Sweden and Slovenia) (AGIS-programme- European Commission – IRCP, Swedish Council for Crime Prevention and the Slovenian Office for Prevention of Corruption) T. V ANDER B EKEN (ed.), European Organised Scenarios for 2015, Maklu, Antwerpen-Apeldoorn, 2005, 283p. K. V ERFAILLIE and T. V ANDER B EKEN, “Interesting times: European criminal markets in 2015”, Futures 2008,

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Larger EU projects - Assessing Organised Crime: Testing the Feasibility of a Common European Approach in a Case Study of the Cigarette Black Market in the EU (AOC), , European Commission, 6th Framework, Tilburg University (van Duyne), IRCP, Berlin University (von Lampe), Talinn University (Markina), Durham University (Hobbs) - Developing Mechanisms for Assessing the Risk of Crime. Due to Legislation and Products in order to proof them against crime at an EU level (Project MARC), , European Commission – 6 th framework, Transcrime, IRCP, Cardiff University (Levi and Dorn), Paris 1 Sorbonne (Kopp), Heuni (Leppä), Rotterdam University (Van de Bunt), Max-Planck Institute Freiburg (Kilchling) - Criminal Money Management as a Cutting Edge between Profit Oriented Crime and Terrorism (EDGE), Europese Commission, Agis programme, , Landeskriminalamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, IRCP et al.

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Results: the example of itinerant groups a. An offender mobility study b. The research project c. Distance decay theory d. ICG and distance decay e. Distance decay problems f. Range g. Looking for explanations

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 a. An offender mobility study In the late ’90 Belgian law enforcement authorities ‘discover’ a new group of perpetrators of property crime: the itinerant crime groups (ICG) (mobile banditism (NL), Délinquance itinérante (F), Osteuropäische Tätergruppe (DE)) which they assign the following features: an association of criminals; systematically committing residential burglaries or burglaries of commercial properties, including ram raids, cargo thefts, metal thefts or thefts of construction vehicles and materials; originating mainly from the former Eastern Bloc; operating or directed from abroad or from large conurbations in Belgium; committing a significant number of crimes over a large area; and possibly using minors to commit crimes. Are ICG really more mobile than other offenders? (offender mobility of property crimes committed by ICG, BOF-project Ghent University, ). 14

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 b. The research project : What do we know about offender mobility (theories) and what does the police database tell us about offender mobility in Belgium in general and ICG in particular (64,000 offenders & 87,000 crimes in )? : What do case files tell us about mobility (with a special focus on the residence or anchor points) of ICG (17 major case files analysed)? : What do the offenders tell us about their mobility? 15

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 c. Distance decay theory  Travelling for crime takes time, costs and efforts and increases risk.  It is argued that most crimes are committed close to home, while the chance of criminal operations declines when the distance increases (distance decay).  Supported by empirical research both on aggregate and individual level.  Crime is local business (cost-benefit) 16

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 d1. ICG and distance decay  ICG: multiple, co-offending, Eastern European property crime offenders  ‘Core’ ICG  Mean travelled distances for offenders living in Belgium:  General : 17,2km (68264 trips) or 14,6km (28901 offenders)  ICG: 40,0km (2872 trips) or 37,4km (125 offenders) 17

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 d2. ICG and distance decay 18

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 e. Distance decay problems  Residence has to be known  48,2% in database, less on non-Belgian (41,2%) and Eastern European (35,8%) offenders.  Residence is not always starting point (Wiles & Costello, 2000)  Residences of ICG are difficult to assess (Ponsaers, 2004) 19

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 f1. Range  Do we need to know anchor points to calculate crime travelling?  Offender ranges can be calculated (Morselli & Royer, 2008; but also: geographical profiling)  Here: shortest distance between min(x,y) and max(x,y)  All offenders, who committed 2 or more offences  Offender ranges in Belgium:  General: 21,0km (20156 offenders)  ICG: 101,0km (305 offenders) 20

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 f2. range 21

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November 2008 g. Looking for explanations  Distance decay: ‘crime is local matter’  Cost-benefit analysis  ICG: less local than other offenders?  Larger distances/ranges  Less decay  Explanation? (files, interviews) 22

Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium T +32 (0) , F +32 (0) Prof. Dr. T. Vander Beken – Organised Crime Research in Belgium and Beyond – Frankfurt – 18 November Conclusions Research on the assessment of organised crime in Belgium is focused on risk based methodologies, threat assessments, vulnerability studies, future studies… The reaction side is studied as well: Studies on legal aspects of tackling trafficking in human beings, sexual exploitation (of children), corruption,… Explicitly on the reaction to organised crime see e.g. research on the legal consequences of an “armed administrative approach” as an instrument in the fight against organised crime Ghent University, Embedded in European research consortia and policy (EU, Council of Europe, OSCE, …)