Chapter 5a Cell Structure and Function. 1) Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork 2) Late 1600s - Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Cell Structure and Function
Advertisements

Cell Structure Chapter 3. Examples of Cells 3.2 What, Exactly, Is a Cell? Cells are the fundamental units of all life  All cells start life with a plasma.
Cell Structure Chapter 4.
Part II and Chapter 5 Biology Sixth Edition Raven/Johnson (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How Cells Are Put Together Chapter 4. Smallest unit of life Can survive on its own or has potential to do so Is highly organized for metabolism Senses.
Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4. Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork Late 1600s - Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed sperm,
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure & Function History of the cell Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673) – constructed a crude microscope to analyze “animalcules” in pond water &
Life of the Cell “Society” on a micro-scale. Learning Objectives 1.What are the characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Which.
Cell Structure and Function. Chapter Outline  Cell theory  Properties common to all cells  Cell size and shape – why are cells so small?  Eukaryotic.
Vocabulary Review Cells.
Lesson Overview 7.2 Cell Structure.
Microscopes & Cells.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Function
The Cell. Robert Hooke  1665—observed cork under a microscope  Named the units “cells”  Reminded him of tiny rooms in a jail or monastery.
I. The Cell- The basic unit of structure and function.
Chapter 7: A View of the Cell
Cell Structure and Function. Cells Smallest living unit Most are microscopic.
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure Chapter 3 By Mr. Kling. Cell- The smallest unit capable of carrying out all the functions of life.
Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4. Cell Theory 1) Every organism is composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest unit having properties of life.
THE TOUR OF THE CELL CHAPTER 4.
Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4. Cell Theory 1) Every organism is composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest unit having properties of life.
Structure and Function of the Cell Chapter Discovering the cell…   1665 – Hooke looked at plants under the microscope and saw little boxes –
Introduction to Cells and the Microscope. Brief history of cells… 1665 Hooke sees “cells” in cork 1674 Van Leeuwenhoek observes living cells in water.
What is a cell? Each cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus (in eukaryotic cells) or a nucleoid (in prokaryotic cells) Surface-to-volume.
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4. Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork Late 1600s - Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed sperm,
End Show Slide 1 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure.
Vocabulary Review Cells. Smallest Unit of Life CELL.
A Tour of the Cell  Every living organism is composed of one or more cells  A cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life  The continuity.
Cells.
How Cells Are Put Together Chapter 3. Cell Theory Every organism is composed of one or more cells Cell is smallest unit with properties of life Continuity.
Organization of the Cell
Cells. Some Random Cell Facts The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells!!! It would take as many as.
Chapter 3 – Cell Structure Cells: Microscopic, Characteristics and Size.
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Unit 3. Cytology: the study of cells.
Cells. 2 Discovery of Cells Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor.
What are cells? How many types are there? How Cells Are Put Together? Chapter 4 We shall cover the first part today and the rest next time Chapter 4 We.
Microscopes & Cells California State Standards: 1.a Students know cells are enclosed within semi-permeable membranes that regulate their interaction with.
Cell Structure and Function. What is a Cell?  Each cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus (in eukaryotic cells) or a nucleoid (in prokaryotic.
Cells. Cell Scientists Robert Hooke looked at cork under a microscope 1 st to use term “cell”
Chapter 3 Section 1 Pg. 50. Robert Hooke English scientist Discovered cells in 1665.
Vocabulary Review Cells. Smallest Unit of Life CELL.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5 Cell Structure and Function.
Cell Structure and Function
Cells and Their Amazing Organelles. Cells can be … Prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic - membrane bound organelles.
The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3.
Chapter 4. Most Cells Are Microscopic Effect of Cell Size on Surface Area.
Cell Structure and Function. Cells Smallest living unit Most are microscopic.
C7- A View of the Cell. A View of the Cell  7-1 Discovery of Cells  7-2 Plasma Membrane Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane  7-3.
Agenda 9/18/15 Get out Cell Organelle Booklet.. Chemical level: a molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell Cellular level: a cell in the stomach.
The Cell Introduction to cell structure and function.
Cell Structure and Function Chapter 7 Vocab Review
Chapter 7 Cell Structure
The Cell Chapter 4. Cells  Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ”  Structural and functional unit of an organism  Smallest structure.
Section 4-1: Introduction to the Cell
The Cell Theory SOL BIO 2a. The Cell Theory  The development and refinement of magnifying lenses and light microscopes made the observation and description.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. CELLS Smallest living unit Most are microscopic.
1 Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4. 2 Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork Late 1600s - Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed.
CELLS Chapter 3. Cells Under the Microscope,  Magnification is the quality of making an image appear larger than its actual size.  Resolution is a measure.
 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure. Eukaryotic Cell Structures  Eukaryotic Cell Structures  Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important.
Chapter 4 A View of the Cell. Cell History The microscope was invented in the 17th century Using a microscope, Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 All.
Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Topic: Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function
The Cell Chapter 4.
Cell Types and Cell Organelles
Cells.
Cell Structure and Function
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 5a Cell Structure and Function

1) Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork 2) Late 1600s - Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed sperm, microorganisms 3) 1820s - Robert Brown observed and named nucleus in plant cells` Early Discoveries

Developing Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow`

Cell Theory 1) Every organism is composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest unit having properties of life 3) Continuity of life arises from growth and division of single cells`

1) Smallest unit of life –a) Can survive on its own or has potential to do so 2) Is highly organized for metabolism 3) Senses and responds to environment 4) Has potential to reproduce` Cell

Cell Features

1) Main component of cell membranes –a) Gives the membrane its fluid properties 2) Two layers of phospholipids` Lipid Bilayer

Fluid Mosaic Model 1) Membrane is a mosaic of –a) Phospholipids –b) Glycolipids –c) Sterols –d) Proteins 2) Most phospholipids and some proteins can drift through membrane`

Membrane Proteins 1) Transport proteins 2) Receptor proteins 3) Recognition proteins 4) Adhesion proteins`

Why Are Cells So Small? 1) Surface-to-volume ratio –a) The bigger a cell is, the less surface area there is per unit volume –b) Above a certain size, material cannot be moved in or out of cell fast enough`

1) Create detailed images of something that is otherwise too small to see –a) Light microscopes 1. Simple or compound –b) Electron microscopes 1. Transmission EM or Scanning EM` Microscopes

Light Microscope

Limitations of Light Microscopy 1) Wavelengths of light are nm –a) If a structure is less than one-half of a wavelength long, it will not be visible –b) Light microscopes can resolve objects down to about 200 nm in size`

Electron Microscopy 1) Uses streams of accelerated electrons rather than light –a) Electrons are focused by magnets rather than glass lenses –b) Can resolve structures down to 0.5 nm `

Electron Microscope

Eukaryotic Cells 1) Have a nucleus and other organelles 2) Eukaryotic organisms –a) Plants –b) Animals –c) Protistans –d) Fungi`

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

1) Keeps the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells separated from metabolic machinery of cytoplasm 2) Makes it easier to organize DNA and to copy it before parent cells divide into daughter cells` Functions of Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope 1) Two outer membranes (lipid bilayers) –a) Innermost surface has DNA attachment sites –b) Pores span bilayer `

Nuclear Envelope

Nucleolus 1) Dense mass of material in nucleus 2) May be one or more 3) Cluster of DNA and proteins –a) Materials from which ribosomal subunits are built 4) Subunits must pass through nuclear pores to reach cytoplasm`

Chromatin 1) Cell’s collection of DNA and associated proteins –a) Chromosome is one DNA molecule and its associated proteins 2) Appearance changes as cell divides`

1) Group of related organelles in which lipids are assembled and new polypeptide chains are modified 2) Products are sorted and shipped to various destinations` Cytomembrane System

Components of Cytomembrane System Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi bodies Vesicles`

Endoplasmic Reticulum 1) In animal cells, continuous with nuclear membrane 2) Extends throughout cytoplasm 3) Two regions - rough and smooth`

Rough ER 1) Arranged into flattened sacs 2) Ribosomes on surface give it a rough appearance 3) Some polypeptide chains enter rough ER and are modified 4) Cells that specialize in secreting proteins have lots of rough ER`

Rough ER

Smooth ER 1) A series of interconnected tubules 2) No ribosomes on surface 3) Lipids assembled inside tubules 4) Smooth ER of liver inactivates wastes, drugs 5) Sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle is a specialized form`

Smooth ER

Golgi Bodies 1) Put finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from ER 2) Package finished material for shipment to final destinations –a) Material arrives and leaves in vesicles`

Vesicles 1) Membranous sacs that move through the cytoplasm –a) Lysosomes –b) Peroxisomes`

Secretion

1) ATP-producing powerhouses 2) Double-membrane system 3) Carry out the most efficient energy-releasing reactions 4) These reactions require oxygen` Mitochondria

Mitochondrial Structure 1) Outer membrane faces cytoplasm 2) Inner membrane folds back on itself 3) Membranes form two distinct compartments 4) ATP-making machinery is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane`

Mitochondrial Origins 1) Mitochondria resemble bacteria –a) Have own DNA, ribosomes –b) Divide on their own 2) May have evolved from ancient bacteria that were engulfed but not digested`

Mitochondrion

1) Plastids 2) Central Vacuole` Specialized Plant Organelles

Chloroplasts 1) Convert sunlight energy to ATP through photosynthesis`

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis 1) First stage –a) Occurs at thylakoid membrane –b) Light energy is trapped by pigments and stored as ATP 2) Second stage –a) Inside stroma, ATP energy is used to make sugars, then other carbohydrates`

Central Vacuole 1) Fluid-filled organelle –a) Stores amino acids, sugars, wastes 2) As cell grows, expansion of vacuole as a result of fluid pressure forces cell wall to expand –a) In mature cell, central vacuole takes up percent of cell interior`

1) Present in all eukaryotic cells 2) Basis for cell shape and internal organization –a) Allows organelle movement within cells and, in some cases, cell motility` Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeletal Elements microtubule microfilament intermediate filament

Microtubules 1) Largest elements –a) Composed of the protein tubulin 2) Arise from microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) 3) Polar and dynamic –a) Involved in shape, motility, cell division`

Microfilaments 1) Thinnest cytoskeletal elements –a) Composed of the protein actin 2) Polar and dynamic –a) Take part in movement, formation and maintenance of cell shape`

Cytoskeleton

Accessory Proteins 1) Attach to tubulin and actin 2) Motor proteins 3) Crosslinking proteins`

Intermediate Filaments 1) Present only in animal cells of certain tissues 2) Most stable cytoskeletal elements 3) Six known groups –a) Desmins, vimentins, lamins, etc. 4) Different cell types usually have 1-2 different kinds`

1) Length of microtubules or microfilaments can change 2) Parallel rows of microtubules or microfilaments actively slide in a specific direction 3) Microtubules or microfilaments can shunt organelles to different parts of cell` Mechanisms of Movement

Motor Proteins

Flagella and Cilia 1) Structures for cell motility 2) internal structure` dynein microtubule

Flagella

Paramecium

1) Structural component that wraps around the plasma membrane 2) Occurs in plants, some fungi, some protistans` Cell Wall Primary cell wall of a young plant Plasma membrane

Cell Walls

Plant Cuticle 1) Cell secretions and waxes accumulate at plant cell surface 2) Semi-transparent 3) Restricts water loss`

Matrixes Between Animal Cells 1) Animal cells have no cell walls 2) Some are surrounded by a matrix of cell secretions and other material`

Cell-to-Cell Junctions 1) Plants –a) Plasmodesmata 2) Animals –a) Tight junctions –b) Adhering junctions –c) Gap junctions` plasmodesma

Animal Cell Junctions

1) Archaebacteria and Eubacteria –a) DNA is NOT enclosed in nucleus –b) Generally the smallest, simplest cells –c) No organelles` Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Structure