Cells Basic unit of life! Everything from a bacteria to you and I are made up of cells
We have more than 100 trillion cells in our bodies The brain has over 30 billion cells
Groups of cells make up TISSUES in your body =
Groups of TISSUES make up Organs
Groups of ORGANS make up Organ Systems
Cells - basic unit of life
History of Cell Discovery Robert Hooke saw cells in cork Cellulae - tiny rooms
1675 Anton van Leeuwenhoek looked at different samples of blood, rainwater, and even his own teeth scrapings
In rainwater he saw tiny “animals” BACTERIA
1831 Robert Brown Discovered the nucleus in plant cells
During the next 200 years a lot happened Matthais Schleiden all plants are made up of cells Theodor Schwann all animals are made up of cells Rudolph Virchow all living cells come from other living cells
Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function Living cells only come from living cells
Today - There are even more facts Cells have different shapes and sizes
Cells have different internal organization Prokaryotes - do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles Pro - means before (before the nucleus)
Eukaryotes- Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
ProkaryotesEukaryotes Tissues Organs systems Cells
Cells; The Basic Units of Life
Cell Theory All Living things are made of cells The cell is the basic unit of life All cells come from other living things
What are the two types of cells? Eukaryotic- because they have nuclei (all other living kingdoms) videovideo Prokaryotic- they DON’T have nuclei (bacteria) (video)(video)
Types of Cells
Major Organelles of the Cell
Cell Membrane Made of proteins and lipids that separates the inside cytoplasm & organelles from the outside Allows few things to enter the cell. Allows many things to exit the cell.
Functions of the cell membrane Protection of organelles inside the cell Permeation of substances Gives the cell its shape Selectively permeable membrane that allows only certain substances through
Cell Wall (bacteria)
Cell Wall (plant cell)
Nucleus The control center of the cell. DNA is present here in the form of chromosomes It has its own protective membrane. It is responsible for the overall function of the cell. (The Brain of the Cell) The nucleolus (dark spot inside the nucleus) makes new ribosomes.
Nucleus
What allows certain things to enter the nucleus? The nuclear envelope; which is a membrane around the nucleus only. It has small pores in it to allow information and ribosomes to leave the nucleus, but keeps everything else from entering the nucleus.
Functions of cytoplasm: (sometimes called protoplasm) It keeps all the organelles protected. It gives the cell its shape. The actual liquid is called the CYTOSOL, the area is called the cytoplasm. (video)(video)
Mitochondria
Functions of mitochondria: It is the powerhouse of the cell because it converts nutrients into energy. It takes the energy we eat and converts it into a usable form through a process called GLYCOLYSIS (cutting of glucose)
Chloroplast Responsible for converting sunlight into energy
Functions of chloroplasts: It is responsible for trapping sunlight for energy. Photosynthesis takes place in this organelle. Chlorophyll is the chemical that causes plant cells to be green.
Ribosomes Responsible for assembling proteins. Located throughout the cytoplasm. Also found on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Functions of ribosomes: They assemble nutrients into molecules of protein to be used by the mitochondria.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Transports nutrients throughout the cell
What is the function of the ER? It transports materials to be used throughout the cell. There are two types: 1. Rough ER - appears bumpy 2. Smooth ER
What is the difference between smooth er and rough er? Smooth ER does not have ribosome on it. –Functions: produces lipids and detoxifies drugs and poisons, also helps with muscle contraction Rough ER has ribosomes found on it. –Antibody production occurs here. The Rough ER is also involved in production of damaged membranes
Lysosomes Responsible for cleaning the inside of the cell.
What is a lysosome? It is the cleaning organelle. It breaks up all the waste and dead material found in the cell. Also recycles cells when damaged. Its enzyme, lysozyme, inside has a pH of 5 which breaks down materials quickly
Golgi Apparatus -Storage area for proteins
Functions of the Golgi Apparatus: It breaks down large molecules so that they can be utilized throughout the cell. Usually called the post office - sends, stores and ships molecules Series of flattened membranous sacs, which release vesicles delivering proteins and other materials to the rest of the cell
Vacuoles - Storage for nutrients in plant and animal cells - Contains unused water and/or nutrients
What is the function of a vacuole? It stores all nutrients and reserve energy. (video) (video)
What are some differences between plant & animal cells??? Presence of a chloroplast in plant cells Presence of a cell wall for prevention of water loss and structure in plant cells Large vacuole in a plant cells for long- term nutrition and storage
Homemade Playdoh Recipe 3 c Flour 1 1/2 c Salt 3 tbsp Oil 1 c Water 1 tbsp Food coloring Mix all ingredients in a big bowl. May be separated into 4 to make 4 different colors.
Cell Quiz 1. What organelles the NUCLEUS hold? What is its function? 2. What are 2 functions of the cell membrane? 3. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory? 4. What is the liquid AREA of the cell called? process5. What process takes place in the CHLOROPLAST?