BACTERIA Courtesy of:

PROTIST Courtesy of:

FUNGI Courtesy of

PLANTS

ANIMALS Courtesy of:

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Levels of Organization Individual Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems-> Organism Courtesy of:

Why Cells? cells are the basic units of life Robert Hooke (mid 1600s) observed cork under a microscope came up with the term “cells” was reminded of monastery rooms Courtesy of:

History of Cells Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (late 1600s) – would grind up lenses and construct early microscopes – first recorded observations of bacteria from the plaque of his teeth (animalcules) Courtesy of:

Cell Theory Schleiden (plants) & Schwann (animals) 1) All living things are composed of cells. Lead to: 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things Virchow 3) New cells are produced from existing cells.

Spontaneous Generation SG: belief that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms 1668: Redi’s meat/maggot experiment Proved SG was wrong Courtesy of:

Cell Size Small! 1 to 100 micrometers 1 um =.001 mm Surface area/volume ratio limits size Exchanges nutrients and waste through diffusion

2 Types of Cells PROKARYOTES “before the nucleus” nucleoid is not separated from cytoplasm by a membrane Eubacteria and archaea Smaller (< 5 um) EUKARYOTES “true nucleus” animals, plants, fungi, protists Larger ( um) membrane bound Organelles

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Bacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

Cell Membrane isolates the cell contents from the environment regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell allows communication with other cells Seen in all cell types Courtesy of:

Nucleus control center for cells contains DNA and chromosomes membrane bound only in eukaryotes Courtesy of:

Mitochondria Produce energy by aerobic respiration Powerhouse of the cell Generates ATP Eukaryotic structure unique DNA Courtesy of:

Cell Wall Protects and supports the cell Absent in animal cells Courtesy of:

Chloroplast Essential for photosynthesis Plants use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose & oxygen contains Chlorophyll (pigment that absorbs sunlight) PLANTS only unique DNA Courtesy of:

Vacuoles PLANTS – central vacuole that contains water and waste – also helps the cell support heavy structures ANIMALS – smaller vacuoles and vesicles for food storage, water,and waste Courtesy of:

Plants vs. Animals

Plants - cell walls - large central vacuole - chloroplasts Animals - centrioles - smaller vacuoles - lysosomes - cilia - flagella

Cell Structures – Group Activity Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin & Chromosomes Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) Cilia flagella Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Cell Wall Centrioles