Chapter 2 Computer Hardware Section A: Data Representation and Digital Electronics Computer Concepts 7th Edition Parsons/Oja

Data Representation: How do computers represent data digitally? Data is defined as the symbols that represent things, people, events and ideas Computers store data in digital format as a series of 1s and 0s (known as binary code) Each 1 and 0 is called a bit Eight bits is called a byte The term bit comes from “binary digit” Bytes are used to represent one character – a letter, number, or punctuation mark For example, the letter H is represented in binary code as 01001000 An exclamation point (!) is 001000001 Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 4

Data Representation: How do computers represent data digitally? Digital data is made up of discrete numbers, with each bit being either a 1 or a 0 – it’s either on or off, nowhere in between Analog data is made up of a continuous wave of information, with varying degrees in between For example: A digital clock changes it’s digital display once every minute to show the time An analog clock is continually moving it’s second, minute and hour hands to show the time Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 4

Data Representation: How do computers represent data digitally? Another example is a light fixture A standard light switch is similar to digital It is either on or off – 1 or 0 A dimmer light switch is similar to analog It’s rotating dial can be turned to many different positions to make the light varying degrees of bright or dim Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 4

Data Representation: How do computers represent data digitally? Data representation makes it possible to convert letters, sounds, and images into electrical signals Digital electronics makes it possible for computer to manipulate simple “on” and “off” signals to perform complex tasks A computer’s circuits have only two states: on and off A binary 1 represents “on” A binary 0 represents “off” Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 4

How can a computer represent numbers? Unlike the decimal system (base 10), the binary number system (base 2) uses only two digits: 0 and 1 The following table lists some decimal numbers and their binary equivalent: Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 6

How can a computer represent words and letters using bits? Character data is composed of letters, symbols, and numbers that will not be used in arithmetic operations Numeric data is used in arithmetic calculations, and is encoded differently ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) requires only 7 bits for each character Extended ASCII uses 8 bits for each character. Used in most personal computers See the code on the next slide Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 7

How can a computer represent words and letters using bits? Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 7

How can a computer represent words and letters using bits? EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an alternative 8-bit used by older IBM systems Unicode uses 16 bits and provides codes for 65,000 characters – a bonus for representing alphabets of multiple languages Used for foreign language support Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 8

How does a computer convert sounds and pictures into codes? Sounds and pictures must be transformed into a format the computer can understand A computer must digitize colors, notes, and instrument sounds into 1s and 0s For example, a red dot on your screen might be represented by 1100, a green dot by 1101 Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 9

How does a computer store all these codes? Data is stored on a computer in a file Data files might contain the text of a document, the numbers for a calculation, the contents of a web page, or the notes of a music clip as binary code Executable files contain the programs or instructions that tell the computer how to perform a specific task. For example, how to display and print text Data files have a file header which tells the computer how the binary code is used to represent the data. The header tells the computer if the binary code represents a music file, a graphic, a text document, etc. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 9

Quantifying Bits and bytes: How can I tell the difference between bits and bytes? A bit is one binary digit (b) Eg. 0 A byte is 8 bits (B) Eg. 0010 0100 A nibble is 4 bits Eg. 0011 Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 10

Quantifying Bits and bytes: How can I tell the difference between bits and bytes? Prefixes Kilo- means a 1000 Mega- means million Giga- means billion Kilobit (Kb) is approx. 1,000 bits (1,024) Kilobyte (KB) is approx. 1,000 bytes (1,024) Megabyte (MB) is approx. 1,000,000 bytes (1,048,576) Gigabyte (GB) is approx. 1,000,000,000 bytes (1,073,741,824) Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 11

Self Quiz Questions A(n) _______ device works with discrete numbers, whereas a(n) _______ device works with continuous data. The _______ number system represents numeric data as a series of 0s and 1s. Most personal computers use the _______ code to represent character data. 100 Mb is larger than 100 MB. True or false? A prefix that means a million bytes is _______. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 11

Self Quiz Answers A(n) digital device works with discrete numbers, whereas a(n) analog device works with continuous data. The binary number system represents numeric data as a series of 0s and 1s. Most personal computers use the extended ASCII code to represent character data. 100 Mb is larger than 100 MB. False A prefix that means a million bytes is Mega . Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 11