VELO Upgrade Critical Issues Two step upgrade with installation around 2013/2017 Implies a detector which can sustain 5/20/120 fb -1 Very tight schedule 40 MHz readout implies complete replacement of all modules and considerable modifications to the signal chain RF foil a major component of the system -> Can we keep it? Can we keep the cooling interface? cooling pipes and the connection to the module integral part of mechanical design Does the cooling plant need modification? Institutes keen to be involved include All current VELO institutes (CERN, Glasgow, L’pool, Nikhef, Syracuse..) New institutes – So far Bristol, Edinburgh, Manchester, Warwick 1

Module Irradiation Operating up to ~120 fb -1 gives severe challenges Accumulate 1x10 14 n eq cm -2 per fb -1 Electronics: 5 MRad per fb -1 at tip Operating voltage will increase Signal will drop – probably pixels can live with this, not strips Can pixel chip survive? Can innermost part be replaced e.g. silicon sensor, pixel tiles? Thermal implications Latest studies give new results on thickness/annealing/CCE Have to aim R&D at specific dose and sensor 2

Module Thermal Performance Represents one of the key challenges Currently we have a  T of 20 o to the silicon tip After 20 fb -1 we run at 60 uA/cm -2 and 7 o -> limit of thermal runaway Injection of heat from chips: Strip design: potentially could be avoided but major design change Pixel design: Power injection from the chip directly in fiducial volume: careful design needed Many ideas on the table: studies and R&D needed -7 degrees buys factor 2 leakage current -Cooling material is in acceptance -Module must fit within foil -If a lower setpoint is needed - >cooling plant upgrade - Total power probably OK 3

Module Mechanical Constraints Current RF foil imposes mechanical constraints: 4

Module Mechanical Constraints Current RF foil imposes mechanical constraints: 5

Module Mechanical Constraints Current RF foil imposes mechanical constraints: Tiling has to be inventive In addition: Fixed width to module to fit into RF box Modules must not bend into foil in z (constraint system) Issue linked to cooling solution, kapton readout 6

Module Resolution Several resolution issues are still on the table What is required for physics performance? X 0 and  will affect IP, P resolution and efficiency What can we expect for binary/# ADC bits How to optimise pixel power vs cell size/ADC **** It is Critical to know what we are designing to! ** Pixel baseline solution is for asymmetric pixels and double sided modules Currently the strips aimed at 4 um resolution but probably do not achieve this After irradiation resolution will go binary – a holistic solution must be considered Innermost pixel plaquette of smaller dimension a possibility (but 2013 very tight for small pixel 40 MHz readout) Some points to consider 7

FE Electronics and Hybridisation Dramatic changes for FE Electronics for 40 MHz readout However occupancy remains relatively low: ~3% for strips Pixel option: Look for a chip from which we can make a derivative e.g. FPIX,MEDIPIX/TIMEPIX 40MHz Front End, and digital periphery zero suppressed output, coarse digitization Issues: EMI pick up in kaptons, Baseline restoration Power, noise tolerance Bump bonding, High Speed flex Strip option: Develop chip together with silicon tracker Discussions underway for a chip with functionality from charge amplifier to serialiser Issues: # bits/gain/derandomiser/power/250/130 nm etc.. 8

9 FPIX2 1 R&D line: FPIX2 evolution (FNAL-Syracuse) Sparsification and digitization giving good resolution in 1 dimension Current compensation circuit implemented Low noise performance at short peaking times (~60 ns) Fast serial data output (840 Mbps) Tested with protons up to 87 MRad with no degradation in analog peromance Issues: Data push speed Timing parameters of analog front-end Match to optimized PIXEL-VELO cell Migration to a technology different than 0.25 um? impact on analog design, speed, power consumption, radiation hardness Other R&D lines? Medipix/Timepix2: Synchronous readout to 40 MHz ++ possible Move to 55 or 30 um square – connect to bump bonding R&D Possible ADC (multiple threshold) Good hopes for radiation hardness Need to give our input to the architecture now Tiling very important (dead areas/possible laser cutting..) TIMEPIX 9

Interconnects and Transmission Special issue for VELO: Getting the signals out of the vacuum Dedicated R&D on feedthroughs needed high speed copper cables Use of GBT (interface/speed) to be discussed CERN standard down link for TTC and ECS incorporated 10 links of 320 MBits / GBT: we would prefer fewer Current thinking favours electrical/optical transition outside tank power and space on hybrid Need a decent input on data sizes and uniformity in time and space Each “equivalent ASIC” will generate ~5 Gbit/s Gives about 1400 links for whole detector. Data volume for pixels similar. 10

Software studies Upgrade dedicated software studies urgently needed Look at pattern recognition/ghost rate issues Evaluate strip and pixel options (vary # modules) Quantify our “back of the envelope” guesstimates (data volumes, ip resolution, layouts…) A very exciting option which is often mentioned but not yet evaluated pixels + magnetic field What would this buy us in pattern recognition/resolution? 11

Due Diligence Big enthusiasm within the group to make the sensor choice pixel based Practical reasons The 40 MHz strip module is very complex and challenging Synergy with world wide pixel effort Interest from institutes Radiation hardness etc. Essential to start an R&D line in this direction We also need to convince ourselves, and future reviewers that There is no significant advantage to strip option (keep in mind issues of resolution, material, coverage...) And we must be sure there is no showstopper for pixels 12

R&D plan Document focussing on demonstrator pixel module already in existence (Syracuse, Liverpool) A more detailed R&D plan is being worked out. In addition we need independent and parallel R&D lines. Module thermal performance Decide on silicon operating temperature Design FEA process, validate with prototypes Decide on cooling pipe connection Development of vacuum feedthroughs, high speed cables and links Setup readout slice check integrity of signals/vacuum performance R/O architecture and electrical/optical transition Setup of testbenches and eventually testbeam facilities FE chip development lines and bump bonding Software infrastructure: layout, performance evaulation+optimisation Radiation hardness of sensors and electronics Hybridisation issues: fast flex, thinning 13

Time line 2013/2017 timeline is extremely tight To integrate all parts of the project To do the necessary turnaround on the testing + QA Plus the detector debugging before physics readiness We are aware that there is the possibility of a one step upgrade, and this would allow a few more options onto the table It also has a big implication for the VELO, which is that we have to survive until 2017 (20-25 fb -1 ) 14

Evaluation of Current detector performance It may turn out that the current detector plus its replacement has to survive more than the design 5 fb-1 Note that our depletion voltage is currently limited to 500V. The thermal runaway in the current running condition must be evaluated VELO replacement is n-in-p which could give an advantage. Also small cooling interface improvements not excluded. Could we live until 2017 with VELO + VELO replacement? Or is more drastic action needed? Can we reevaluate the annealing policy in light of recent R&D? 15

Blue Sky Aim is not to build the best possible detector. But to build a detector which does the job. However it is natural that institutes pursue some research lines which fit into their profile and it is not excluded that these could be integrated: smaller pixel dimension, diamond, 3d TSV, thinning, RF foil/wires/LN2 cooling... They can’t stop me from dreaming 16

Summary 17 Critical to know what we are designing to: VELO Upgrade Group working on a Requirements document on timescale of 2 months R&D plan not yet fully available but work is going on and we anticipate a draft within 3 weeks Timeline is crucial. We will evaluate with respect to the 2013 scenario but also keep in mind the possible changes.