Chapter Menu Lesson 1:Producers and ConsumersProducers and Consumers Lesson 2:Energy in EcosystemsEnergy in Ecosystems Lesson 3:Matter in EcosystemsMatter in Ecosystems Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

ecology producer photosynthesis consumer protozoan 13.1 Producers and Consumers herbivore carnivore omnivore decomposer scavenger

Ecosystems An ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic factors Producers and Consumers Ecology is the study of the interactions between living things and their environment.

Producers Producers are organisms that use light energy from the Sun or energy from chemical reactions to make their own food. Only a few types of producers on Earth make food without energy. Producers use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars, which they use as food Producers and Consumers Types of Producers

The Sun Photosynthesis is a process that some producers use to make their own food using light energy Producers and Consumers

Plants Most green plants are producers. Plants use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide and make simple sugars. These sugars are a source of energy and carbon Producers and Consumers

Protists and Bacteria Some protists are producers, such as algae, dinoflagellates, and euglenas. Some bacteria, called cyanobacteria, carry out photosynthesis Producers and Consumers

Chemosynthesis Some bacteria make food using energy from chemical reactions in a process called chemosynthesis. Some chemosynthetic bacteria live deep in the ocean where sunlight never reaches Producers and Consumers

Consumers Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food. –All animals are consumers because they eat other organisms or their wastes. –Some consumers eat producers, and some eat other consumers. –Some consumers, such as protozoans, are single-celled Producers and Consumers

Types of Consumers Herbivores are animals that eat only plants. Carnivores are animals that only eat other animals. Omnivores are animals that eat other animals and plants Producers and Consumers

Types of Consumers (cont.) Scavengers are organisms that eat dead animals. Decomposers break down dead organisms, and animal droppings, and other wastes produced by living things Producers and Consumers

Lesson 1 Review _____ is the science of the interactions of living things and their environments. AChemistry BBiology CEcology DEnvironmentalism 13.1 Producers and Consumers 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 1 Review What process do some bacteria that are deep in the ocean use and make food? Aphotosynthesis Bchemosynthesis Cdecomposition Dconsumption 13.1 Producers and Consumers 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 1 Review Which consumer breaks down dead organisms and wastes produced by living things? Adecomposers Bherbivores Comnivores Dscavengers 13.1 Producers and Consumers 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 1

food chain food web primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems

Energy Through the Ecosystems Organisms do not create or destroy energy; they change it from one form to another. Energy moves one way through an ecosystem—from producers to consumers and decomposers Energy in Ecosystems

Food as Energy Energy passes through ecosystems as food Energy in Ecosystems

Food Chains A food chain is an illustration of how energy moves though an ecosystem Energy in Ecosystems

Food Webs An ecosystem contains more than one type of producer, and most organisms eat more than one type of food. A food web is a more complicated model of the flow of energy in an ecosystem Energy in Ecosystems

Food Webs (cont.) 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems

Energy Pyramids An energy pyramid is a diagram that shows how much energy is available to each type of consumer. –The bottom layer has the most available energy and contains the producers. –The middle layers contain primary consumers and secondary consumers. –The small top layer has the least available energy and contains tertiary consumers Energy in Ecosystems

Energy Pyramids (cont.) Temperate Deciduous Forest 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems

Energy Pyramids (cont.) Desert 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems

Energy Pyramids (cont.) Tropical Rainforest 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems

Releasing Thermal Energy All organisms release some energy in food as thermal energy. This is why less energy is available with each step up an energy pyramid Energy in Ecosystems How is energy transferred through a community of organisms?

Lesson 2 Review Which accurately represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem? Afood chain Bfood pyramid Cfood web Denergy pyramid 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 2 Review What does the bottom layer of an energy pyramid represent? Aprimary consumers Bproducers Ctertiary consumers Dherbivores 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 2 Review The energy in an energy pyramid is dependent on the number of _____ in an ecosystem. Aproducers Btertiary consumers Cprimary consumers Dsecondary consumers 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 2

nitrifying bacteria nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle carbon cycle 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems

Cycles of Matter The amount of matter—anything that has mass and takes up space—on Earth never changes. Elements that make up matter cycle among living things and between abiotic and biotic environments Matter in Ecosystems

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrifying bacteria change atmospheric nitrogen into forms of nitrogen that plants can take up through their roots. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere Matter in Ecosystems

Nitrogen Cycle (cont.) 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems

Phosphorus Cycle The phosphorus cycle describes how phosphorus moves from soil to producers and consumers, and back to soil Matter in Ecosystems

The Carbon Cycle The carbon cycle describes how carbon moves between the living and nonliving environments. Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, starches, and many other compounds that make up living things Matter in Ecosystems

The Carbon Cycle (cont.) 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems

Lesson 3 Review _____ is anything that has mass and takes up space. AMatter BCarbon CNitrogen DPhosphorus 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 3 Review What process changes nitrogen into a form that plants can take up through their roots? Aphotosynthesis Bchemosynthesis Cnitrogen cycling Dcarbon cycling 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 3 Review Which element is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches? Anitrogen Bphosphorus Coxygen Dcarbon 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 3

Chapter Resources Menu Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab

Green plants are ____. Aconsumers Bproducers Cscavengers Ddecomposers Chapter Assessment 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What are organisms that cannot make their own food called? Aproducers Balgae Cconsumers Dchemosynthetic Chapter Assessment 2 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What does a food chain show? Ahow carbon moves through an ecosystem Bhow consumers move through an ecosystem Chow producers move through an ecosystem Dhow energy moves through an ecosystem Chapter Assessment 3 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What does an energy pyramid represent? Ahow much matter is in an ecosystem Bhow much energy is available in an ecosystem Cwhich consumers eat which producers Dthe number of species in an ecosystem Chapter Assessment 4 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Most humans are _____. Aproducers Bscavengers Cherbivores Domnivores Chapter Assessment 5 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What to herbivores eat? Aanimals Bplants Cplants and animals Ddead matter CA Standards Practice 1 SCI 5.c 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Why is the carbon cycle essential to life on Earth? ACarbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches. BCarbon allows sunlight to penetrate Earth’s atmosphere. CCarbon keeps harmful UV rays fromentering Earth’s atmosphere. DCarbon is broken down during decomposition of plants and animals. CA Standards Practice 2 SCI 5.c 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Which level in an energy pyramid has the least amount of available energy? Abottom layer Bfirst middle layer Csecond middle layer Dtop layer CA Standards Practice 3 SCI 5.a 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What do secondary consumers eat? Aprimary consumers Bproducers Cprimary consumers and producers Dsecondary producers CA Standards Practice 4 SCI 5.a 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What is the main source of energy for most producers? Alight Bnitrification Cchemosynthesis Dscavenging CA Standards Practice 5 SCI 5.a 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Image Bank

Interactive Lab Types of Producers

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