Chapter 3 Section 1

Why would the Arabian Peninsula be well suited for world trade?

Who are the Indo-Europeans? Read on page 61 1 st paragraph Indo-Europeans Migrate ---

Who are the Indo-Europeans? Nomadic People-people on the move Came from Steppes-dry grassland Herded cattle, sheep, goats Tamed (domesticated) horses Battled using two-wheeled Chariots Lived in tribes Light skinned people-near Caucasus Mountains-name Caucasian People

Languages-page 61 Many modern languages can be traced back to Indo-Europeans Look at languages chart page 61. What do you notice?

Migration page 62 No one knows why left steppes-But what were some possibilities? Migrated in many directions 1700 and 1200BC Happened in waves over long period of time

The Hittite Empire Page 62 One group of Indo-Europeans called Hittites lived in Anatolia (current day Turkey) 2000BC Anatolia is a high, rocky plateau rich in timber and agriculture and mountains of mineral deposits Why would the Hittites leave the steppes for Anatolia? How would they use the timber and minerals?

City-States form an Empire 1650 BC Page 62 Adopt and Adapt Hittites used own language with one another but adopted language of people they conquered Hittites borrowed ideas about literature, art, politics and law from Mesopotamia Hittites blended own traditions with other peoples Hittities were one Indo-European tribe Military Society-Soldier were trained

Hittites They conquered and dominated other tribes Brutal Warriors-not nice people As they took over other civilizations they copied their ways-writing, class system, language

Information about Chariots Student Reports

Chariots and Iron Technology Hittites excelled in technology of war Superior Chariots and iron Weapons Iron stronger than Bronze and sharper edge But more difficult to shape Page 63

Raw material of iron Ore readily available in Mountains of Anatolia Hettites first in Southeast Asia to work with iron And harden into weapons of war Even with its military might, the Hittite empire fell in 1190BC because of invasions of tribes attacking their capital city.

Video of Chariot and its advanced technology aoh-chariot.html aoh-chariot.html ot-weapons.html ot-weapons.html Respond: Write about the challenges and advantages of using a chariot in battles.

Aryans Transform India Very few records from Aryans so can only guess or hypothesize Did leave behind Vedas-sacred literature which has hymns to Aryan gods, prayers, spells, and instructions for performance rituals Aryans organized themselves into four groups based on occupation

Caste System Student Reports

Caste System Page Video

Caste System Brahmin-Priests Kshatriya-Warriors Vaishya-Traders and Landowners Sudra-Peasants/Traders Untouchables The most impure Because of their work Butchers, gravediggers, trash collectors

Compare Caste System to our way of Life The caste system helps maintain social harmony by discouraging competition and helping everyone be satisfied with their place in life. It is a completely different way of looking at life than that of Westerners, who see life as an opportunity to improve oneself and one’s family.

In the old days the punishments for certain crimes were many times higher for upper caste members than for lower caste members because more was expected of them. So that means, lower castes could enjoy more freedom because less was required of them and they had fewer duties to perform. (in practice it often didn’t work out like that because lower case members spent so much time doing menial work).

Aryan Kingdoms Rise Settlements increased slowly-hard to clear jungle areas for farming Arayn chiefs ran kingdom were elected by tribe Later minor kings wanted territorial control and struggled for land and power Magadha a major kingdom then expanded to include almost all of the subcontinent of India

Seafaring Traders Chapter 3, Section 3 The Minoans and Phoenicians were both traders along the Mediterranean. Student Report

Ancient trade routes Connected Mediterrean Sea with South and East Asia Used the monsoon winds to travel Southeast Asia and Indonesia-where they obtained spices and products not native to India Shared their culture-beliefs, art, way of living, (Cultural Diffusion)-Act it out to show meaning

MINOANS Dominated trade BC Lived on Crete-island in Aegean Sea Known for painted pottery Exported art and culture Culture shared: burial customs, architecture Religious rituals Peaceful culture-no walls for protection Graceful/athletic people boxing, wrestling, bull leaping Civilization ended 1200BC, but do not know why

Bull leaping page 73 Student Report

Mysterious End of Minoans Page 73-What are some possible reasons the civilization ended? Make a cause and effect chart

Mysterious End Cause Effect Over population no examples given Overrun by invaders From Greece 1200BC Natural disasterpossible earthquake Volcanic eruption Tidal wave

Listen to story Minos and the Minotaur Fact & Fiction

Phoenicians 1100BC Current day Lebanon Wealthy city-states around Mediterrean Competed against each other Remarkable shipbuilders and seafarers & craftsman Ventured out beyond Strait of Gibraltar-this trip not repeated for another 2000 years

Greatest legacy-alphabet-needed a new way to record transactions quickly and clearly They introduced this writing system –symbols and sounds-around the Mediterrean Sea to trading partners Had trading centers for papyrus-plant used to make paper Traded good from other lands-wines, weapons, metals, ivory and slaves