Age of Big Business Sec Pages Define: Factors of production – land – labor – capital – corporation – stock - shareholders – dividends – horizontal integration –trust - vertical integration – philanthropy – merger – monopoly Identify: John D. Rockefeller – Andrew Carnegie – J. Pierpont Morgan – Sherman Antitrust Act

Foundations for Growth Titusville, Pa. – Oil found by Edwin Drake – produce heat, lubricate machinery US will change from agricultural economy to industrial economy Factors of production Land – land and natural resources Labor – workers to turn raw materials into goods – population doubled Capital – equipment, buildings, machinery, tools used in production Also means money for investing – sell stocks by corporations – corporate savings is investing a portion of earnings in better equipment

Raising Capital Railroads and other businesses needed capital to buy raw materials, equipment, pay workers, cover shipping and advertising costs. They formed a corporation – a company that sells stocks (shares of business) to the public. Shareholders – people who invest in a corporation by buying stock Earn dividends – cash payment from the corporation’s profits on the stock they own.

Summarize What are the 3 factors of production? Vocab term that means a company that sells stocks (shares of business) to the public. Vocab term that means people who invest in a corporation by buying stock Vocab term that means cash payment from the corporation’s profits on the stock they own.

OIL BUSINESS John D. Rockefeller – 1870 – Standard Oil Co. – built empire using horizontal integration – combining competing (same industry)firms into one corporation. Standard Oil Corporation produced and used its own tank cars, pipelines, wooden barrels. Rockefeller lowered prices to drive out competitors – formed trust – group of companies managed by the same board of directors.

Horizontal integration Company A + B = Company C Oil Oil Oil

Standard Oil Corp. Standard Oil’s board traded for enough of other companies’ stock, they then owned and managed those companies. Other tactics used: 1. Lower his prices to force competitors out of business 2. Pressure customers to avoid using other oil companies 3. Persuaded RR to give him rebates in return for his business. Created monopoly – almost total control of an industry by a single producer

SUMMARIZE Define horizontal integration. Who industrialist used horizontal integration? What type of business was he in? What was the company? Vocab term that means group of companies managed by the same board of directors. Vocab term that means almost total control of an industry by a single producer.

STEEL BUSINESS Pittsburgh, Pa – steel capital of US in late 1870s. Started in RR business – invested in sleeping cars, then steel mills Andrew Carnegie – used vertical integration – acquire companies that provide the raw materials, production and transportation needed. Formed Carnegie Steel Corp. in 1901–producing 1/3 of nation’s steel.

Vertical Integration Raw Materials (oil fields, farms) Production (refineries, mills factories) Distribution ( RR, ships, trucks)

J.Pierpont Morgan 1861-banking business – later invested in Edison’s company- Invested in Railroads- shipping By 1890 one of the most powerful men in US Bought Carnegie’s company for $480 million – Became US Steel (Billion $ Corp) Didn’t sail on Titanic (subsidiary of his shipping line) Helped consolidate (AT&T, General Electric, Int’l Harvester)

Philanthropists Carnegie interested in philanthropy – use of money to benefit the community – started schools, universities, built more than 2000 libraries. Spent $350 million to build Carnegie Hall in NYC. Carnegie Mellon Univ. (Pitts.) Carnegie Institution of Washington (research) J.D. Rockefeller – started University of Chicago – Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. J. P. Morgan- gave art collections to NY museums (Metropolitan Museum Of Art)

Corporations grow larger Merger – combining of companies – put economic power in few giant corporations By /3 of all US manufacturing was controlled by 1% of US corporations. Without competition, prices went up – no need to improve goods/ service Sherman Antitrust Act – law that prohibits trusts and monopolies – gov’t used this law to stop strikes by railroad workers threatening delivery of nation’s mail.

Summarize Define Vertical integration What industrialist used vertical integration. What was his business? Name? Vocab term that means use of money to benefit the community?

Ticket out the door Define: Philanthropy Name one of the famous men who was a philanthropist – what did he do? What was the law that did not allow companies to form a trust or have a monopoly?