INTRODUCTION   Analogue mobile systems are commonly referred to as “First Generation” (e.g. AMPS).   Digital systems currently in use, such as GSM, CDMA one IS-95 are second generation or 2G Systems   Third generation (3G) mobile systems are designed for multimedia communication, enhanced high quality image video and access to information services   Multimedia communications require higher bandwidth than what 2G can offer.

1G u Analogue or Amps u Frequency modulation u For voice transmission 2G u CDMA IS-95, GSM u FDMA, TDMA, CDMA u Voice plus Data services Cellular Generations 3G u WCDMA, CDMA2000 u High service flexibility u compatibility u QOS

Multiple Access Methods User 1 User 2 User 3 Guard Band time FDMA User 2 User 1 User 3 User 3 User 3 User 1 User 1 User 2 User 2 time CDMA (FH) User 1User 2User 3 Guard Band time frequency TDMA

CDMA Pure CDMAHybrid CDMA TH DS FH Slow FHFast FH NarrowbandWideband TDMA/CDMA DS/FH/THMC/MT-CDMA

The 3G Choice is CDMA SSince 3G CDMA efficiently provides high quality voice services and high-speed packet data access, it is the preferred technology for 3G. TThe 3G operating modes, WCDMA and CDMA2000 are all by far the most dominant in terms of current commercial services, operator deployment plans and vendor support.

Conceptual Network Model UUser Equipment (UE) MMobile Equipment (ME) UUMTS Service Identity Module (USIM) RRadio Access Network (RAN) UUTRAN GGERAN CCore Network (CN) CCircuit Switched (CS) PPacket Switched (PS)

UMTS High-Level System Architecture UEUTRANCN UuIu UE:User Equipment CN:Core Network UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

PLMN Elements USIM:UMTS Subscriber Identity Module ME:Mobile Equipment RNE:Radio Network Controller Cu, Uu, Iub, Iur, Iu are interface specifications USIM ME Node B RNC MSC/ VLR GMSC SGSNGGSN HLR PLMN, PSTN, ISDN, etc. Internet UuIu UEUTRANCNExternal Networks CuIur Iub

What is WCDMA WWCDMA is a Wideband Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system. IInformation bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by multiplying the it with pseudo-random bits called chips derived from CDMA spreading codes. TThe chip rate of 3.84 Mcps used in WCDMA leads to a carrier bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz. NNarrowband CDMA (IS-95) occupies a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz.

Signal Spreading 1 1 Data PN 1 Spread Data

Signal Spreading/Despreading Channel Data R b (bits/s) PN Sequence Spreading code R c (chips/s) PN Sequence Spreading code R c (chips/s) Data R b (bits/s) PN: Pseudorandom Noise TxRx Power Frequency Power Frequency Power Frequency

Pseudorandom Codes TThe ideal spreading code would be an infinite sequence of equally likely random binary digits. IIn practice, periodic pseudorandom codes are used instead (PN codes). SSpecific PN codes include: maximal-length code Gold codes

Multipath Delay Profile

MS Transmit Power Control OO ne of the most important aspects of CDMA is a tight and fast power control, in particular uplink. WW ithout power control,a single over powered mobile could lock the entire cell. FF ast closed-loop power control algorithm is used in WCDMA.

Closed-Loop Power Control MS2 MS1 power control commands to the mobiles P1 P2 near far

Cell Handover f2f2 f1f1 Traditional ‘Hard’ handover in GSM BSC

Cell Handover f1f1 f1f1 ‘Soft’ handover in UMTS RNC

FUTURE SERVICES

Mobile Broadband WCDMA  WCDMA for Mobile Broadband services provides key benefits like user convenience with its "everywhere coverage" and ADSL-like data speeds.  It also offers time to market and cost advantages for WCDMA operators that can build on their infrastructure assets.

Mobile Broadband WCDMA  WCDMA WCDMA technology gives you a faster data connection in mobile networks: currently up to 384 kbps.. In future generations of WCDMA technology, this may increase up to even 10 Mbps.  You can do all of the usual activities: send SMS or MMS messages, download games and ringing tones, synchronize your phone with your PC calendar or corporate intranet, and browse the Internet.

Mobile Broadband WCDMA  WCDMA is also fast enough for video streaming. With GPRS or EDGE phones, you can't do these things while talking. WCDMA is based on a different technology that lets you hold simultaneous voice and data connections, so you can send images and check your while you're on the phone.  Like GPRS and EDGE, you're billed for data transferred, not for time connected, so you can be connected just about all the time.

WCDMA Information – Data  Audio / Video on Demand  Infotainment / Education  TV & Radio distribution Telecommunication  Person-to-Person Audio/Video, Fax (ISDN)  Mobility-Roaming  Mailbox/Call Centre Services (SMS, Voice)  Intelligent Network (IN) Internet / Intranet   WWW  VoIP  E-Commerce UMTS Services UMTS Based on WCDMA springs from convergence between the “World of Communication” and “Information Technology”

Rich mobile services drive demand for bandwidth

Application sectors considered in the Calculations  The UMTS comprises a wide area of applications, which are converted into six main service classes for this analysis. These are as follows:  Speech (S)  Simple Messaging (SM)  Switched Data (SD)  Medium Multimedia (MMM) High Multimedia (HMM) High Multimedia (HMM) High Interactive Multimedia (HIMM): High Interactive Multimedia (HIMM):

Application sectors Service Classes. (Cont’d) Speech (S) Speech (S) -Simple one to one or one to many voice -Teleconferencing services -Voic Simple Messaging (SM) Simple Messaging (SM) - SMS and paging - delivery -Broadcast and public information Switched Data (SD) Switched Data (SD) -Low speed dial-up LAN access -Low speed Internet/Intranet Access -Fax

Application sectors Service Classes. (Cont’d) Medium Multimedia (MMM) Medium Multimedia (MMM) -packet switched services which is require ‘busty’ -packet switched services which is require ‘busty’ in nature, data rates 0.5 Mbytes. in nature, data rates 0.5 Mbytes. -Medium LAN and Internet/Intranet Access. -Banking services High Multimedia (HMM) High Multimedia (HMM) -Packet switched services which is require ‘busty’ in nature, high bit rates of 10 Mbytes. -Fast LAN and Internet/Intranet Access -Video clips on demand -Audio clips on demand -Online shopping

Application sectors Service Classes. (Cont’d) High Interactive Multimedia (HIMM): High Interactive Multimedia (HIMM): -high-speed data rates with a minimum delay -Video telephony and video conferencing -Collaborative working and telepresence -Lottery and betting services Note: The first three services are the logical extensions of second generation mobile market and the last three are addressing The first three services are the logical extensions of second generation mobile market and the last three are addressing the new mobile multimedia market. the new mobile multimedia market.

UMTS Spectrum Calculation RESULTS Services Year Year UplinkDownlinkTotalUplinkDownlinkTotal High Interactive MM High MM Medium MM Switched Data Simple Messaging Speech Sum (MHz) TOTAL = 366 MHz x 1.10 = 403 MHz = 554 MHz x 1.05 = 582 MHz