Network protocols

About network protocols  The Internet protocol suite resulted from research and development conducted by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the late 1960s.DARPA  By the summer of 1973, Kahn and Cerf had worked out a fundamental reformulation, in which the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol, and, instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts became responsible.internetwork protocol  In 1975, a two-network TCP/IP communications test was performed between Stanford and University College London (UCL).

Diagram of the first internet worked connection

 The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. Often also called the Internet model, it was originally also known as the DoD model, because the development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense.computer networkingcommunications protocolsInternetTransmission Control ProtocolInternet ProtocolDARPAUnited States Department of Defense

 TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.routed  A computer called a router is provided with an interface to each network. It forwards packets back and forth between them. [4] Originally a router was called gateway, but the term was changed to avoid confusion with other types of gateways.routerpackets [4]gateways  In the spring of 1973, Vinton Cerf, the developer of the existing ARPANET Network Control Program (NCP) protocol, joined Kahn to work on open-architecture interconnection models with the goal of designing the next protocol generation for the ARPANET.Vinton CerfNetwork Control Program

o Physical (Layer 1) :- This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level.network o Link (Layer 2) :- At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization.encodedtransmission protocol o Network (Layer 3) :- This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.switchingroutingvirtual circuitsnode

o Transport (Layer 4) :- This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control.hostsflow control o Session (Layer 5) :- This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end.applications o Presentation (Layer 6) :- This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa.encryption

o Application (Layer 7) :- This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified.applicationsyntax

Contents 1 History 1.1 Early research 1.2 Specification 1.3 Adoption 2 Key architectural principles 3 Abstraction layers 3.1 Link layer 3.2 Internet layer 3.3 Transport layer 3.4 Application layer

4 Layer names and number of layers in the literature 5 Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI layering 6 Implementations 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links

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