BY:- RAVI MALKAT HARSH JAIN JATIN ARORA CIVIL -2 ND YEAR

 Geographic – 80% of government data collected is associated with some location in space  Information - attributes, or the characteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location  System – a seamless operation linking the information to the geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures …not just software! …not just for making maps!

 A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information  A method to visualize, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data to study the world

CAPTURE MANIPULATE & ANALYSE INTEGRATE OUTPUT RETRIEVAL STORE DISPLAY GIS ESSENTIALS OF GIS

4 M’S MEASUREMENT LAND USE/LAND COVER CADASTRAL AGRICULTURE HYDROLOGY MAPPING MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT, DRAINAGE NETWORK MODEL,TERRAIN MODELS,DTM ETC. MODELLING

GIS MATHEMATICS SURVEYING PHOTOGRMATERY DIGITAL PHOTOGRMMETRY REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY STATISTICS GEOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY CAD, CAC COMPUTER SOFTWARE AUTOMATED CARTOGRPHY CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES FOR GIS

Self-Regulating Managed Natural World Constructed World... These Are Increasingly In Conflict

 The possibilities are unlimited…  Environmental impact assessment  Resource management  Land use planning  Tax Mapping  Water and Sanitation Mapping  Transportation routing  and more...

 GIS data has a spatial/geographic reference  This might be a reference that describes a feature on the earth using: a latitude & longitude a national coordinate system an address a district a wetland identifier a road name

Vectors Topology Networks Terrain Surveys Images CADDrawings Annotation Addresses 27 Main St. Attributes ABC 107’ 3D Objects Dimensions

SPATIAL TOPOLOGY: lines-nodes-segments A B C D E Seg “A”

1:500,000 scale map of Harrisburg 1:50,000 scale map of Harrisburg

 Vector  A series of x,y coordinates  For discrete data represented as points, lines, polygons  Raster  Grid and cells  For continuous data such as elevation, slope, surfaces  A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both types of data effectively!

Raster Vector Real World

 MAXIMIZE THE EFFICENCY OF PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING.  PROVIDE EFFICENT MEANS FOR DATA DISTRIBUTION AND HANDLING.  ELIMINATION OF REDUNDANT DATABASE-MINIMIZE DUPLICATION.  CAPACITY TO INTEGRATE INFORMATION FROM MANY SOURCES.  COMPLEX ANALYSIS/ QUERY INVOLVING GEOGRAPHICAL REFERENCED DATA TO INTEGRATE NEW INFORMATION.

 Problem Statement – ????? Formulate the question Mitigate and changeSeek solutions Observe, acquire data Geospatial data Ground- Based data Other Ancillary data Analyze Socio- Economic data

 Two or more data layers are overlaid  GIS creates buffers around features on a particular layer  This allows analyses such as flood zone delineation and features near a route such as hotels along a bike route.

 Query building is a data exploration operation  Example statement: ‘([acres] > 500 AND [age] > 55)’  This would highlight all land parcels of greater than 500 acres owned by people older than 55 years old in a data set loaded into the GIS.  Map algebra with raster data, in this type of operation mathematical operations are done on each pixel of multiple data layers. This results in a new data layer that is calculated from all the input layers.

 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. department of Defence.  GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use.  GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.  There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.

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