What is Philosophy? The study of theories of knowledge, truth, existence, and morality Theory: a set of related principles based on observation and used to explain additional observations Normative Philosophy: a description of the way professionals ought to practice

Traditional Schools of Philosophy Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism

Idealism A traditional philosophy asserting that because the physical world is always changing, ideas are the only reliable form of reality Plato Ideas should be the focus of teaching and learning Criticized for being elitist and overemphasizing cold, detached topics at the expense of human emotions and intuition

Realism A traditional philosophy suggesting that the features of the universe exist whether or not a human being is there to perceive them. Aristotle There are important ideas and facts that must be understood and that they can only be understood by studying the material world. Back to Basics movement Criticized for being too narrow in focus. If fails to account for the whole person in the learning process.

Pragmatism A philosophy that rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth, instead asserting that truth is “what works” John Dewey Learning how to learn, direct experiences, problem solving, integration

Criticized for emphasizing student interests at the expense of essential knowledge, some think it led to declining performance of American students.

Existentialism A philosophy suggesting that humanity isn’t part of an orderly universe: rather individuals create their own realities. Jean-Paul Satre Primary emphasis on the individual- we teach children, not subjects. Schools should be places where students are free to engage in activities because these activities are interesting and help them define who they are. Communities of learners Criticized for subjectivity, no core values.

Philosophy and Cultural Minorities The philosophies that we embrace are influenced by the cultures we live in. Western philosophy heavily emphasizes individualism and rational thought. Other world cultures place greater relative emphasis on the wisdom of elders, feelings and personal relationships, and harmony.

Philosophies of Education Perennialism Essentialism Progressivism Postmodernism

Perennialism An educational philosophy suggesting that nature, including human nature, is constant. Roots in both Idealism and Realism Rigorous intellectual curriculum for all students, classic works

Essentialism An educational philosophy suggesting that a critical core of knowledge and skills exists that all people should possess Roots in Idealism and Realism Back to basics movements Standards, testing What is essential can change

Progressivism An educational philosophy emphasizing curricula that focus on real-world problem solving and individual development. Roots in Pragmatism Constructivism John Dewey

Postmodernism An educational philosophy contending that many of the institutions in our society, including schools, are used by those in power to marginalize those who lack power. Roots in Existentialism History / Classics examined for power issues, struggles of marginalized groups Criticized for using schools for political purposes

Philosophies of Education in Urban Environments Because of the challenges involved in urban teaching, developing a coherent philosophy of education is even more important. Beliefs, both positive and negative, about urban learners can have profound influences on urban teachers and the way they teach.

Developing Your Philosophy of Education Philosophy can guide practice and help you explain and defend your educational goals. The process of developing a philosophy begins with examining your own beliefs about teaching, learning, and students. An analysis of educational philosophies can assist teachers in forming their own personal, and probably eclectic, personal philosophy.