Divine Attributes Miscellaneous Proofs of the existence of God Omniscience Omnipotence Omnibenevolence Eternal Everlasting Immanent Transscendent Immutable Metaphysical Freewill Predestination Determinism Paradox of the Stone Euthyphro Dilemma Creator God Interventionist God Abrahamic faiths Proofs of the existence of God Ontological Argument Anselm Gaunilo Descartes Kant Subject & predicate Design Argument Paley Teleological Swinburne Temporal regularities Cosmological Argument Aquinas 1st way : motion 2nd way : causation 3rd way : contingency The problem of evil Theodicies Augustine Soul-making Irenaeus Miscellaneous Temporal Spatial Corroborating evidence Conflicting evidence Tautological Political Freedom Necessarily true Contingently true Reduction ad absurdum Argument by analogy Relevance Adequacy Ad hominem arguments The Multiverse Prime Mover Fallacy of Composition Infinite regress existentialism

Omnipotent Definition All-powerful Illustration God’s omnipotence is a classic example of his perfection Contrasts/alternatives Omniscience (all-knowing). Subdivisions/special cases Creator God : being able to create the universe from nothing is a special case of God’s omnipotence. The _________________________ (Mavrodes) shows that not all things are logically possible. Can God do things which are self-contradictory?

Omniscience Definition Illustration Contrasts/alternatives Subdivisions/special cases A limitation of omniscience : can God know about human’s actions in the future if they have ____________?

Omnibenevolence Definition Illustration An omnibenevolent God would ensure that we lived in the best of all possible worlds (Spinoza) Contrasts/alternatives Subdivisions/special cases The Euthyphro Dilemma challenges the view that God can both define what it is to be good, and be omnibenevolent. The question it poses is …

Eternal Definition Existing beyond time : existing in a ‘space’ unaffected by time. Illustration If God is eternal, then he is unaffected by the passing of time, and hence __________________ (unchanging) Contrasts/alternatives Everlasting : continuing until the end of time. But it is possible that God will exist after time stops (and existed before it began). Subdivisions/special cases If God is eternal, it is difficult to explain how he interacts with beings that are subject to time. Does he know what time it is NOW?

Immanent Definition Illustration Contrasts/alternatives Transcendent : God is beyond human understanding – and therefore beyond the attribution of qualities? Subdivisions/special cases

Metaphysical freedom Definition Humans’ ability to give meaning to things – enabling them to always choose between options, even if the options are limited Illustration A person in prison choosing torture over a confession which would endanger their family (Sartre example) Contrasts/alternatives Determinism - everything is determined Political freedom – not being interfered with by the State Subdivisions/special cases _________________________ – you are condemned to be free Used in theodicies as a ‘second order’ good

Determinism Definition The belief that all events are determined by their causes – as by the cogs of a giant machine. Illustration Laplace offered a thought-experiment in which he argued that a demon could know the future movements of all particles if he knew the positions of them now, and the laws of nature. Contrasts/alternatives Those who believe in metaphysical freewill – like existentialists – disagree that everything is determined – claiming that determinism would eradicate human ____________________ for their actions. Subdivisions/special cases Physical determinists claim that the laws of physics are complete (affect everything) and everything else can be reduced to physics.

Paradox of the Stone Premise If God is omnipresent then he is able to create a stone that is too heavy to lift Premise Premise Conclusion

Euthyphro Dilemma Premise Premise If goodness is defined as ‘what God wills’ then … Premise If goodness is defined independently of what God wills then we must explain what determines what is good. Conclusion

Creator god Definition Illustration Contrasts/alternatives Interventionist God – one who affects the everyday running of the universe – with miracles for instance. Subdivisions/special cases

Abrahamic faiths Definition The collection of religions that include the story of Abraham in their history of their relationship with God. Illustration Abraham is significant because… Contrasts/alternatives Subdivisions/special cases

Anselm’s Ontological arg Premise Premise Premise Conclusion God exists

Gaunilo’s response to Anselm Premise Let ‘Jamaica’ be the name of the perfect island. Premise The perfect island must have all perfect qualities – including sunshine, bountiful food, friendly people. Premise Existence is a good quality Premise Conclusion

Descartes’ Ontological arg Premise Premise Premise Conclusion

Kant’s response to Ontological args Premise Premise Premise Conclusion

Paley’s Design Arg Premise If we find a _____________________, we INFER it has a designer. Premise This is because of the complex and sensitive interplay of its parts, and its unity in fulfilling its purpose Premise The universe is like the watch in all these significant ways Conclusion By analogy, the universe must have a designer That designer is God

Aquinas’ 1st way Arg Premise Premise Premise Conclusion

Aquinas’ 2nd way Arg Premise Premise Premise Conclusion

Aquinas’ 3rd way Arg Premise Premise Premise Conclusion

Augustine’s theodicy Premise Premise Premise Conclusion

Irenaeus’s theodicy Premise Premise Premise Conclusion