Estimation of food additives intake by Polish population M.Sc. Alicja Walkiewicz, Prof. Iwona Traczyk National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw Warsaw, 16 April 2013

Monitoring of food additives Directives of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning: sweeteners (94/35/EC), colours (94/36/EC), food additives other than colours and sweeteners (95/2/EC), point out that Memebr States should establish system to monitor the consumption and use of food additives. Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives: Member States shall maintain system to monitor the consumption and use of food additives on a risk-based approach.

Monitoring of food additives Information obtained through the monitoring system: on changes in the food additives market, levels of additives usage, enables to ensure that consumption of these chemicals does not exceed the ADI (established by SCF, presently by EFSA), as well as setting the restrictions of conditions of additives usage if there is such a need.

Report from the Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake in the European Union, 2001  The report represents the first attempt to obtain the overview of food addtives intake in Europe (12 European countries).  It was found that there is a need for further intake assessment of the following additives: - 8 food additives/ groups of additves in population of adults, - 17 food additives/ groups of additves in population of children, - 9 food additives with ADI but permitted for use in certain foodstuffs at Quantum satis.  Member States should participate in the next monitorng tasks on dietary intake of food additives.

Selected food additives to estimate intake  Potassium nitrite (E 249), sodium nitrite (E 250)  Polysorbates: Polyoxyethylen sorbitan monolaurate (E 432) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (E 433) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (E 434) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (E 435) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (E 436)  Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (E 481), calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate (E 482)  Sorbitan monolaurate (E 493), sorbitan monooleate (E 494)  Aluminium sulphate (E 520), aluminium sodium sulphate (E 521), aluminium potassium sulphate (E 522), aluminium ammonium sulphate (E 523)  Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic (E 541)

Study on the intake of selected food additives by Polish population in the scope of Twinning Project „Improvement of implementation of food safety surveillance” in the years  National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw  Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin,  Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, Warsaw

Material and methods  The basic for estimating selected food additives intake by Polish population was information concernig consumption of foodstuffs at the individual level.  The data on food consumption come from the first countrywide representative study of dietary habits and nutritional status of Polish population in the project entitled: „Household Food Consumption and Anthropometric Survey”, conducted by the National Food and Nutrition Institute in  The study was undertaken and executed thanks to financial support by The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).  It was carried out in cooperation with the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS).

 24-hour recalls were used to collect the data of food consumption.  To help in the assessment of food consumed quantities the „Album of photographs of food products and dishes” set up by the NFNI was used.  The monograph: Szponar L., Sekuła W., Rychlik E., et al: Badania indywidualnego spożycia żywności i stanu odżywienia w gospodarstwach domowych (Household food consumption and anthropometric survey), IŻŻ, 101, Warsaw, 2003

The study covered 4134 individuals (aged 1-96 years) who were the members of 1362 randomly selected families from all over Poland. The amount of studied individuals was as follows: - females (54%). - males (46%). Adults accounted for 70%. Children and teens accounted for 30%. The data on food consumption for adults from that study were incorporated into Concise European Food Consumption Database, EFSA, 2008, website

Aim of the study on the food additives The estimation of selected food additives intake with diets by Polish population; The assessment of risk for human health resulting from food additives intake expressed as percent of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) or Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI). For that purpose the body weight data of the surveyed was used, gathered during the project - „Household Food Consumption and Anthropometric Survey”, 2000.

Characteristics of examined population

Levels of selected food additives in foodstuffs Maximum doses of food additives permitted by the Regulation of the Minister of Health of 18 September 2008 on food additives, which is harmonized with EU directives.

In the case of food products which can be homemade or industrially produced (e.g. cakes, soups, sauces), content of food additives in the diets was assessed under the assumption of 2 scenarios: Scenario I assumes that all food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation are produced by food industry and contain targeted additives. Scenario II assumes that 50% of food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation comes from industry.

Estimated intake of food additives by Polish population - scenario I E NoName of food additiveADI Estimated average intake [% ADI] Children (1-3 years) Adults (  18 years) Total (1-96 years) E 249 E 250 Potassium nitrite Sodium nitrite 0.1 mg/kg308%143%156% E 432 E 433 E 434 E 435 E 436 Polyoxyethylen sorbitan monolaurate (polisorbate 20) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polisorbate 80) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (polisorbate 40) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (polisorbate 60) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (polisorbate 65) 10 mg/kg230%70%94% Scenario I - all food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation are produced by food industry and contain targeted additives

Estimated intake of food additives by Polish population - scenario I E NoName of food additive ADI Estimated average intake [% ADI] Children (1-3 years) Adults (  18 years) Total (1-96 years) E 481 E 482 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate 20 mg/kg214%88%116% E 493 E 494 Sorbitan monolaurate Sorbitan monooleate 5 mg/kg891%310%439% E 520 E 521 E 522 E 523 Aluminium sulphate Aluminium sodium sulphate Aluminium potassium sulphate Aluminium ammonium sulphate 7 mg/kg (PTWI) 0.01%0.03% E 541Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic 7 mg/kg ( PTWI) 30%4%7% Scenario I - all food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation are produced by food industry and contain targeted additives

Estimated intake of food additives by Polish population – scenario II E NoName of food additiveADI Estimated average intake [% ADI] Children (1-3 years) Adults (  18 years) Total (1-96 years) E 432 E 433 E 434 E 435 E 436 Polyoxyethylen sorbitan monolaurate (polisorbate 20) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polisorbate 80) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (polisorbate 40) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (polisorbate 60) Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (polisorbate 65) 10 mg/kg167%46%63% E 481 E 482 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate 20 mg/kg196%79%104% E 493 E 494 Sorbitan monolaurate Sorbitan monooleate 5 mg/kg737%239%342% Scenario II - 50% of food products to which food additives may be added in the light of Polish regulation comes from industry

Project „Flavours, additives and food contact material exposure task” (Akronym - FACET) in the scope of 7FP in the years Aim of the project  Development of sustainable surveillance system which allows to estimate specific food chemical intake, including food additives.  The project involved 20 institutions (research centres, academia, industry) from 13 EU countries.

Project website address - A software as a tool to assess the risk for human health associated with the intake of flavours, additives and substances migrating from food contact materials, as well as facilitating the risk management. A tool can be used by Member States in the monitoring system of food additives according to the Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives.

Joint Research Centre (JRC) Institute for Health and Protection Consumers, Ispra

Conclusions It is essential to conduct studies on food additives intake based on the actual levels of addtives usage in food production. The special attention has to be paid for small children who are potencially exposed to the higher intake of food additives, due to:  their low body weight,  different tastes in food, often preferring sweetened, coloured and flavoured foods. It is necessary to educate population on the selection of foodstuffs in the daily diet. Adherence to the principles of proper nutrition, by the way, the use of diverse and varied diet, including selection of unprocessed food can support lower intake of additives from food.

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