Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infancy Energy intake and activity Energy nutrients Weight triples first year High metabolic rate 45 kcal/lb Energy nutrients Protein especially important Breast milk is high fat Carbohydrate for brain Vitamins and minerals Vit A, C, D, Iodine needs are high Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infancy Weight gain during first 5 years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Recommended Intakes Of An Infant And An Adult Compared On The Basis Of Body Weight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Frequency and duration of breastfeeding Energy nutrients 8-12 feedings /d 10-15 min per breast Energy nutrients Alpha-lactalbumin Essential fatty acids Lactose Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Energy nutrient content Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Breast Milk Energy nutrient content

Breast Milk Vitamins Minerals Vitamin D is low Calcium well absorbed Iron is low but bioavailable Zinc is low but bioavailable Low sodium and fluoride Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Immunological protection Colostrum Bifidus factors Lactoferrin Lactadherin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Allergy and disease protection Other potential benefits Fewer allergies Lower BP and Cholesterol as adults Other potential benefits Less obesity as adults Positive effect on intelligence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Wean Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Risks of formula feeding Infant formula standards Sanitary water Food handling techniques No antibodies Infant formula standards Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Special formulas Hypoallergenic formulas Soy formula for vegans and lactose intolerant infants Inappropriate formulas Soy or rice milk; Goat’s milk Nursing bottle tooth decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Special Needs Of Preterm Infants Long-chain fatty acids Arachidonic acid DHA Preterm breast milk, More concentrated Can be fortified Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Cow’s Milk Cow’s milk vs. breast milk No casein before age 1 Whole milk to age 2 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Food allergies Choice of infant foods-variety -balance -moderation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Foods to provide iron Foods to provide vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Foods to omit Botulism Choking hazards Foods at one year Milk anemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes With Toddlers Behavior Exploration Don’t force foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes With Toddlers Provide nutritious foods Limit sweets Make mealtimes enjoyable Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Energy intake and activity Carbohydrate and fiber Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Childhood Energy intake and activity Carbohydrate and fiber Fat and fatty acids

Childhood Protein Vitamins and minerals Supplements Iron fortified foods Supplements Not needed with balanced diet Problem nutrients in US are calcium, iron and zinc Planning children’s meals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Hunger And Malnutrition In Children Hunger and behavior Missing breakfast Iron deficiency and behavior Attention span and learning Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior Marginal malnutrition Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Malnutrition-Lead Connection Lead poisoning as subtle, permanent effects with even 10 mcg/100 ml in blood. Lead absorption on an empty stomach Vitamins and minerals and lead absorption Iron (and pica) Calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D Protect against lead poisoning Leaded gasoline, lead-based paint and solder Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Hyperactivity And “Hyper” Behavior Not sugar Misbehaving Regular sleep Regular mealtimes Regular outdoor activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Food Allergy And Intolerance Detecting food allergy Asymptomatic allergy Symptomatic allergy 3-5% of children 1-2% of adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Food Allergy And Intolerance Anaphylactic shock Eggs, milk, soy, peanuts Tree nuts, shrimp, wheat Epinephrine Food intolerances Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity Genetic and environmental factors Growth Physical health Psychological development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity Prevention and treatment of obesity Diet Physical activity Adult role models Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity Psychological support Behavioral changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Honoring children’s preferences Learning through participation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Avoiding power struggles Choking prevention Playing first, eating after Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Snacking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Preventing dental carries Serving as role models Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition At School Meals at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition At School Competing influences at school Nutrition education at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition During Adolescence Growth and development Puberty 10-11 F 12-13 M Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition During Adolescence Energy and nutrient needs Energy intake and activity Vitamins Iron Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition During Adolescence Food choices and health habits Snacks Beverages Eating away from home Peer influence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Intakes of milk vs. soft drinks

Problems Adolescents Face Drug use, in general Marijuana, Cocaine, Ecstasy Alcohol abuse Smoking and smokeless tobacco Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of type 2 diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of heart disease Atherosclerosis Plaque Fatty streaks High BP Dyslipidemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Physical activity Dietary recommendations for children Moderation, not deprivation Diet first, drugs later Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Smoking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning