Bones • Your body has 206 bones. • The skeleton provides support, • Bones are strong and rigid. • Your body has 206 bones. • The skeleton provides support, protection, allows for body movement, produces blood cells and stores minerals. • Children have more flexible bones than adults. •Ligaments are bands of strong tissue that connect bones to other bones. Help with joints exist.

Muscles • Muscles are soft tissues. • Your body has over 600 different muscles. • Most muscles are attached to bones by strong tissues called tendons.

Joints • Joints are two or more bones coming together at one place. • Joints are held together by bands of fibers called ligaments. • When joints are moved beyond their normal range of motion/movement, ligaments stretch and tear.

Types of Injuries The four basic types of injuries to muscles, bones and joints are: •Fractures •Dislocations •Strains •Sprains

X-Rays X-rays are a form of radiation that can penetrate the body to form an image on film. Structures that are dense (such as bone) will appear white, air will be black, and other structures will be shades of gray depending on density. X-rays also provide information about obstructions, tumors,

Fractures A fracture is a complete break, chip or crack in a bone. • Fractures are opened or closed. • Open fractures involve an open wound. They are more dangerous because they carry the risk of infection and bleeding. • Closed fractures are more common injuries.

Closed Fracture Closed fracture right wrist. (Radius & ulna)

Closed Fracture Posterior x-ray, closed fracture right lower leg. (Fibula)

Open Fracture Open fracture left collarbone. (Clavicle)

Comminuted Fracture Comminuted-a fracture with many relatively small fragments. (right thigh/femur)

Dislocation A dislocation is the movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal position. The joint no longer functions properly.

Sprain • A sprain is the tearing of ligaments at a joint. • Mild sprains swell and usually heal quickly. • Do not ignore the signals of pain & swelling. If you become active too soon there is the chance the joint could be hurt again.

Type I Sprain The most common way the ankle can be injured is by an ankle sprain. Type I ankle sprain is mild. It occurs when the ligaments have been stretched or torn minimally.

Type II Sprain Type II ankle sprain is a moderate level of sprain. It occurs when some of the fibers of the ligaments are torn completely.

Type III Sprain Type III ankle sprain is the most severe. It occurs when the entire ligament is torn and there is instability of the ankle joint.

Knee and Shoulder Ligaments

General Care for Muscle, Bone or Joint Injuries The acronym RICE is helpful in remembering how to treat minor injuries: • "R" stands for rest. • "I" is for ice. • "C" is for compression. • "E" is for elevation.

Splinting Splinting is a method of immobilizing an injured extremity and should ONLY be used if you have to move a person to seek medical attention and if splinting does not cause additional pain.

Splinting (cont) If you have to splint– •Splint an injury in the position you find it. •Splint the injured area and the joints or bones above and below the injury site. •Check for circulation (feeling, warmth and color) before and after splinting.

Types of Splints • Soft splints include folded blankets, towels, pillows and a sling. • Rigid splints include boards, metal strips and folded magazines or newspapers. Use triangular bandages to secure the rigid or soft splinting material in place.

Types of Splints (cont) Anatomic splints use an uninjured body part as a splint to immobilize an injured area. You can use tape to secure an uninjured finger to the injured one. • The ground can be used as a splint. An injured leg stretched out on the ground is splinted.

Bursitis Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint). A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition. Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve. Irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known as "carpal tunnel syndrome."

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a term that means "porous bones." It is a skeletal disease affecting women and men. Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones have lost minerals especially calcium-making them weaker, more brittle, and susceptible to fractures (broken bones). Any bone in the body can be affected by osteoporosis, but the most common places where fractures occur are the back (spine), hips, and wrists.

Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic chronic inflammatory disease Autoimmune disease Joints become swollen and painful More common in women 3:1 Remissions and exacerbations 34

Osteoarthritis Most common joint disease, 80% of americans Slow progressive degeneration of articular cartilage Weight bearing joints Fingers Primary: defect in cartilage, not an inflammatory disease Secondary: trauma, crystal deposits, infection Interphalangeal joints, knees, hips, cervical and lumbar spine 35

HERNIATED DISC

Scoliosis Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. If your child has scoliosis, the view from behind may reveal one or more abnormal curves. Scoliosis runs in families, but doctors often don't know the cause. More girls than boys have severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis may be a worsening of a condition that began in childhood, but wasn't diagnosed or treated. In other cases, scoliosis may result from a degenerative joint condition in the spine.

Kyphosis With kyphosis, your spine may look normal or you may develop a hump. Kyphosis can occur as a result of developmental problems; degenerative diseases, such as arthritis of the spine; osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine. It can affect children, adolescents and adults.

Lordosis A normal spine, when viewed from behind appears straight. However, a spine affected by lordosis shows evidence of a curvature of the back bones (vertebrae) in the lower back area, giving the child a "swayback" appearance.

Osteomyelitis Inflammation of bone caused by an infectious organism Staphylococcus, streptococcus, neisseria gonorrhea,….. Direct penetration Wounds, fractures, surgery Hematogenous Bloodstream, teeth; metaphyses Knee, ankle, hip