Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development and Relevance to Global and other Levels Abbas Rajabifard and Ian Williamson GSDI 6 Budapest, September/ 2002

Overview Introduction & Background SDI – Nature and components SDI Development Models Human and Community Issues Asia-Pacific region: a case study Outcomes Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development Conclusion

Introduction & Background Part of a results of a main topic SDI Diffusion Concept and Nature of SDI SDI Hierarchy Relationships Among Different SDIs SDI Development Models

Spatial Data Infrastructure SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilisation of spatial data; SDI is whole about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharing of spatial data;

Nature of SDI Components Dynamic People Access Network Policy Standards Data

Obstacles Technical issues Economic/financial issues lack of data, standards, metadata, search engines, communication network/bandwidth Economic/financial issues cost sharing Social/institutional/organisational issues awareness, education, pricing, security, freedom of access Political/legal issues sensitive data, intellectual property

Hierarchy of SDI Less detailed data Global SDI Global Planning Regional Planning National Planning State Planning Local Planning Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Corporate SDI More detailed Data The success of developing any type of SDIs, heavily depends to on individuals realising the need to cooperate with each other.

Relationships Among Different SDIs Global SDI Regional SDIs National SDIs State SDIs Local SDIs Corporate SDI

SDI Development Models Product-Based Model: (linked) database(s) Process-Based Model: strategy required to manage information assets

Product-Based Model People Data Policy Access Network Standards Definition Collection Integration DataBase Creation Dissemination Technology Components ...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to link existing and upcoming databases of the respective political/administrative levels of the community.

Border of Social System Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Process-Based Model Border of Social System Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Communication Channel Coordination Facilitation People SDI Facility Metadata directory ...the main aim of an SDI initiative as defining a framework to facilitate the management of information assets.

Border of Social System Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Process-Based Model Border of Social System Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Communication Channel Coordination Facilitation People SDI Facility Metadata directory ..or the objectives behind the design of an SDI are to provide better communication channels for sharing and using data assets.

Process-Based Model Border of Social System Communication Channel Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Communication Channel Coordination Facilitation People SDI Facility Metadata directory Awareness Knowledge Infrastructures Persuasion Decisions Utilisation Communication Channels Participation

Human and Community Issues Communities/people concerned are expecting to reap benefits from their investment in SDI in terms of improved corporate performances and cooperation. Therefore It is essential to understand the significance of human and community issues, as much as technical issues as they determine the long running success of an SDI innovation; Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a socio-technical, rather than a purely technical exercise.

Socio-Technical Viewpoint Techno-Centric Spatial data community Focus on technology Technology push Because it’s possible Others are developing Specified by technologist Static in nature Socio-Technical Spatial data community People and technology Demand pull Because it’s needed We need it Specified by Users dynamic in nature (Adopted from Petch and Reeve 1999)

Asia and the Pacific region: a case study Asia and the Pacific region is largest region in the world 60 per cent of the world’s population / 3.5 billion people 55 countries as defined by the UN

Asia and the Pacific region: a case study Regional Organisations APEC APCC ASEAN SAARC UN-ESCAP UNRCC-AP APNIC ECO AAECP, etc. Main Objectives of Regional Cooperation Acceleration of economic growth, social progress and cultural development; Promotion of regional peace and stability; More effective collaboration to improve the agricultural, industrial, trading, transport and communications sectors of the regional economy; Promotion of regional cooperation for ecological and environmental protection.

Asia and the Pacific region: a case study Asia-Pacific region has complex social and political environments, typified by competing and often conflicting priorities and motivations. Every case in this region is unique national context, language and characteristics (size, population, political systems, varied infrastructures and skills), national traditional and cultural attitude, and the people who participate, develop and use SDIs

Asia-Pacific Region and Regional SDI activities Major difficulty Lack of Coordination different data structures specifications and standards Formation of PCGIAP, 1994 Vision for APSDI SDI Conceptual Model Institutional framework, Technical standards, Fundamental datasets, and Access networks

Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI development PCGIAP successfully implemented a regional precise geodesy network, defined a regional geodesy datum, developed and approved a policy on sharing fundamental data, developed guidelines on custodianship, and the definition of APSDI. Other projects Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project (APRGP) Administrative Boundaries pilot project and specification APSDI Data Node Clearinghouse Project (PCGIAP-website 2001)

Other Issues involved in the Progress Low rate of participation in PCGIAP activities, The organisational structure of PCGIAP, Member nations are represented on the Permanent Committee by directorates of national survey and mapping organisations and or equivalent national agencies. The APSDI conceptual model

Some Reasons for the Limited Support Lack of awareness of the value of SDIs; Defining the SDI; The incompatibility of the current conceptual and organisational model with the perceived needs of users; and The complexity of different issues such as diverse political, cultural and economical positions of members.

Some Reasons for the Limited Support Based on the participation rate, Regional SDI remains an innovative concept among member nations. The theories of innovation diffusion will provide a useful framework for the study of Regional SDI development.

Diffusion Theory Diffusion is a process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. (Rogers 1983)

Organisational Innovation Process Model (adapted from Rogers 1995) Routinizing Agenda-setting Matching Redefining/ Restructuring Initiation Implementation Decision Clarifying General organisational problems that may create a perceived need for innovation. Fitting a problem from the organisation’s agenda with an innovation. The innovation is modified and re-invented to fit the organisation, and organisational structures are altered. The relationship between the organisation and the innovation is defined more clearly. The innovation becomes an ongoing element in the organisation’s activities, and loses its identify.

Current Approach by PCGIAP Agenda-setting Matching Initiation Decision Current conceptual model of Regional SDI 1 3 2 Current approach for Regional SDI development 1 -Innovation, 2- Communication channel, 3- Time

Suggested Approach for the Research Agenda-setting Matching Initiation Decision Social system 4 Current conceptual model of Regional SDI 1 3 2 Border of Social System Extended conceptual model 1- Innovation, 2- communication channel, 3- time, 4- social system

Influencing Factors for an SDI Development Environmental Factors External Factors Internal Factors Political Development Issues Cultural Environmental Factors

Environmental Factors Globalisation Asia-Pacific Region Political Climate Regional Organisations Regional Governments Technological Pressure APSDI Development Market Pressure Global Economic Other External Factors Other Internal Factors Regional Security Financial Stability Economic Conditions Organisational Structure of Coordinating Agency Border of Social System Global SDI Initiative External Factor Internal Factor

Influencing Factors for an SDI Development Political Development Issues Cultural Environmental Factors Technology Economic Partnerships Human Factors Capacity Factors Participation Policies Protection & Security Conceptual SDI Organisation Factors

Recommendations Factors Participation Environmental Factors Organisational Restructure Redesign Future Strategy Based on Social System Capacity Factors Participation Modify SDI Conceptual Model SDI Organisation Factors Adopt Process-based Model

Regional SDI is a voluntary-base initiative in nature; Conclusion The development of a Regional SDI is much more challenging than the development of a National SDI initiative within a nation. Regional SDI is a voluntary-base initiative in nature; At the higher levels of SDIs: more coordination than implementation.

Similar Organisational Structure Pyramid Conclusion Similar Organisational Structure Pyramid Process-Based Model Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Corporate SDI SDI Hierarchy Strategic Management Functional National SDI Product-Based Model Operational

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