FVCC Fire Rescue Water Supply

OBJECTIVES 2-12.1 Identify the guidelines to follow when deploying a portable water tank. (3-3.14) 2-12.2 Identify the equipment necessary for the transfer of water between portable water tanks. (3-3.14)

OBJECTIVES 2-12.3 Identify the guidelines to follow when loading and offloading tankers/tenders on mobile water supply apparatus. (3-3.14) 2-12.4 Identify the water distribution system and other water sources in the local community. (3-3.14)

OBJECTIVES 2-12.5 Identify the following parts of a water distribution system: (3-3.14) 2-12.5.1 Primary feeders 2-12.5.2 Secondary feeders 2-12.5.3 Distributors 2-12.6 Identify the operation of the following: (3- 3.14) 2-12.6.1 Dry barrel hydrant 2-12.6.2 Wet barrel hydrant 2-12.6.3 Dry hydrant

OBJECTIVES Identify how the following conditions reduce hydrant effectiveness: (3-3.14) 2-12.7.1 Obstructions to use of hydrants 2-12.7.2 Direction of hydrant outlets to suitability of use 2-12.7.3 Mechanical damage 2-12.7.4 Rust and corrosion

OBJECTIVES 2-12.7.5 Failure to open the hydrant fully 2-12.7.6 Susceptibility to freezing 2-12.9 Identify apparatus, equipment and appliances required to provide water at rural locations by a mobile water supply apparatus shuttle. (3-3.14)

OBJECTIVES 2-12.10 Identify the procedure for connecting a supply hose to a hydrant and fully open and close the hydrant. (3- 3.14) 2-12.11 Identify the procedure for hydrant to pumper hose connections forward and reverse lays (3-3.14)

OBJECTIVES 2-12.12 Identify the procedure assembling and connecting the equipment necessary for drafting from a static water supply source. (3-3.14) 2-12.13 Identify the procedure for the deployment of a portable water tank. (3-3.14)

OBJECTIVES 2-12.14 Identify the procedure for assembling the equipment necessary for the transfer of water between portable tanks. 2-12.15 Demonstrate connecting a supply hose to a hydrant and fully open and close the hydrant.

OBJECTIVES 2-12.16 Demonstrate hydrant to pumper hose connections for forward and reverse hose lays. (3-3.14(b)) 2-12.17 Demonstrate assembling and connecting the equipment necessary for drafting from a static water supply source. (3-3.14(b))

OBJECTIVES 2-12.18 Demonstrate the deployment of a portable water tank. (3-3.14(b)) 2-12.19 Demonstrate assembling the equipment necessary for the transfer of water between portable tanks. (3-3.14(b)) IFSTA, Essentials, 4th ed, Chapter 10 Delmar, Firefighter’s Handbook, copyright 2000, Chapter 18

HISTORY OF WATER SYSTEMS VS 11-1 HISTORY OF WATER SYSTEMS Wells and Reservoirs Aqueduct Log Pipes Bucket Brigade Wooden Main Plug

DEPLOYING A PORTABLE WATER TANK Place heavy tarp on ground to protect liner. Position tanks to permit access from multiple directions. Position tank drain downhill, if possible.

EQUIPMENT NEEDED Heavy tarp Portable tank Low level strainer Hard suction Jet siphon if multiple tanks will be used

LOADING & OFFLOADING TANKERS/TENDERS Use best hydrant or fill site Use large or multiple hoselines Use pumper, if needed, for adequate flow

LOADING & OFFLOADING TANKERS/TENDERS Position portable tankers/tenders to permit more than one tanker to dump. Provide adequate personnel so tanker driver does not have to exit cab. Select site so vehicles do a minimum of backing.

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Source of supply Ground water Water wells Water producing springs Surface Rivers Lakes Reservoirs Swimming pools

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Primary feeders Large pipes (mains) with relatively widespread spacing, that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains.

COMPONENTS OF MODERN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM VS 11-2 COMPONENTS OF MODERN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 2. 1. Source Treatment Facility 4. 3. Means of Moving Water Distribution System

WATER MOVEMENT METHODS VS 11-3 WATER MOVEMENT METHODS Direct Pumping Gravity Combination Pumping & Gravity

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Secondary feeders Network of intermediate-sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of the primary feeder system and aid the concentration of the required fire flow at any point. Distributors Grid arrangement of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers.

RECOMMENDED WATER MAIN SIZES VS 11-5 RECOMMENDED WATER MAIN SIZES 6-Inch (150 mm) 12-Inch (300 mm) 8-Inch (200 mm) Principle Streets & Long Mains Business & Industrial Residential

FLOW THROUGH DIFFERENT PIPE SIZES VS 11-6 FLOW THROUGH DIFFERENT PIPE SIZES Carrying Capacity of Water Mains Static Pressure = 50 psi (350 kPa) Residential Pressure = 20 psi (140 kPa) 1,000 Feet of 4-Inch Main 255 gpm (965 L/min) (300 m of 100 mm Main) 1,000 Feet of 6-Inch Main (300 m of 150 mm Main) 740 gpm (2 801 L/min) 1,000 Feet of 48-Inch Main (300 m of 200 mm Main) 1,575 gpm (5 962 L/min) 1,000 Feet of 12-Inch Main (300 m of 300 mm Main) 4,650 gpm (17 602 L/min)

OPERATION OF HYDRANTS Dry barrel hydrant Common in climates where freezing weather is expected. Hydrant is empty when closed and not in use. Drain on hydrant is open, when not in use, to remain empty. Valve, holding back water, is below frost line. Usually constructed of cast iron, but important working parts usually made of bronze.

OPERATION OF HYDRANTS Wet barrel hydrant May be used only in areas where no freezing weather is expected. Hydrant is always filled with water. May have one or more compression valves. Usually constructed of cast iron, but important working parts usually made of bronze.

OPERATION OF HYDRANTS Dry hydrant Is a connection point for drafting from a static water source Pipe system with a pumping suction connection at one end and strainer at the other Used primarily in rural areas with no water system.

HYDRANT EFFECTIVENESS Obstructions to use of hydrants Sign posts Utility pole Fences Parking zones Landscaping

HYDRANT EFFECTIVENESS Direction of hydrant outlets to suitability of use. Facing proper direction for pumper to hydrant connections Sufficient clearing between the outlets and ground for hose connections Mechanical damage Rust and corrosion Failure to open the hydrant fully Susceptibility to freezing

APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES Requirements Water supply must be capable of maintaining the desired volume of water required for the duration of the incident. Relay must be established quickly enough to be worthwhile.

APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES Number of pumpers needed and distance between pumpers is determined by: Volume of water needed Distance between water source and fire scene Hose size available Amount of hose available Pumper capacities Knowledge of correct friction loss

APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES Supplemental equipment: Strainers Pumps Suction hose Flotation device

APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND APPLIANCES Key components Attack apparatus at the fire (dump site) Fill apparatus at fill site Mobile water supply apparatus (tankers/tenders) to haul water from fill site to dump site Portable tank(s) Tarps Low level intake devices (strainers) Jet siphons (if multiple tanks will be used)

CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT Small intake hose-hydrant connection Remove intake hose(s), hydrant wrench and other required tools from pumper. Unroll the hose(s). Connect the hose(s) to the pumper. Place the hydrant wrench on the hydrant valve stem operating nut with the handle pointing away from the outlet(s). Remove the appropriate cap(s)

CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge(s) Connect the hose(s) to the hydrant, using any adapters that may be necessary Fully open the hydrant

CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT Soft sleeve hydrant connection Remove intake hose, hydrant wrench and other required tools from the pumper. Unroll the hose. Connect the hose to the pumper. Place the hydrant wrench on the hydrant valve stem operating nut with the handle pointing away from the outlet. Remove the appropriate cap.

CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge. Connect the hose to the hydrant, using any adapters that may be necessary Fully open the hydrant

CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT Hard suction hydrant connection Caution: Some light weight hard suction are designed for drafting only and should NOT be connected to a hydrant. Firefighter #1 Check to see booster tank valve is closed. Remove the pump intake cap Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper. Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the hydrant Fully open the hydrant.

CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT Firefighter #2 Remove the hydrant wrench and adapter (if necessary) from the pumper Remove the hydrant outlet cap Place the hydrant wrench on the hydrant valve stem Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge.

CONNECTING A SUPPLY HOSE TO A HYDRANT Place the adapter on the 4 ½ inch outlet, if necessary. Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the hydrant.

FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Reverse Lay Firefighter at the scene Pull off sufficient hose to reach the intake of the pumper Anchor the hose Signal pumper operator to proceed to the water source Apply a hose clamp when safe to do so

FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Firefighter at the water source Pull the remaining length of the last section of hose from the hose bed. Disconnect the coupling and return the male coupling to the hose bed. Connect the supply hose to a discharge valve.

FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Forward Lay Firefighter at the hydrant Pull sufficient hose to reach the platform. Approach the hydrant and loop the hose around it. Place your foot on the hose. Signal the operator to proceed. Place the hydrant wrench on the valve stem operating nut Remove the appropriate cap(s) from the hydrant. Open and then close the hydrant to make sure there is water and nothing is blocking the discharge Connect the supply hose to the outlet closest to the fire. Charge the hoseline by fully opening the hydrant, when instructed to do so

FORWARD & REVERSE LAYS Firefighter at the scene Apply a hose clamp Pull the remaining length of the last section of hose from the hose bed Disconnect the coupling and return the female coupling to the hose bed Connect the supply hose to an intake Signal for the hoseline to be charged Remove the hose clamp

DRAFTING FROM A STATIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCE Firefighter #1 Check to see booster tank valve is closed Remove the pump intake cap Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper Assist with connection of the strainer to the hard suction

DRAFTING FROM A STATIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCE Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper Assist with placing hard suction in water source Tighten all connections prior to drafting

DRAFTING FROM A STATIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCE Firefighter #2 Remove strainer and an adapter (if necessary) from the pumper Place the adapter on the 4 ½ inch outlet if necessary Assist with the removal of the hard suction from the pumper Assist with connection of the strainer to the hard suction Assist with the connection of the hard suction to the pumper Assist with placing hard suction in water source.

DEPLOYMENT OF PORTABLE WATER TANK Place heavy tarp on ground to protect liner. Position tanks to permit access from multiple directions Position tank to drain downhill, if possible

DEPLOYMENT OF PORTABLE WATER TANK Guidelines for loading and unloading: Loading Use best hydrant or fill site Use large or multiple hoseline(s) Use pumper, if needed, for adequate flow Unloading Position portable tanks to permit more than one tanker to dump Provide adequate personnel so tanker driver does not have to exit the cab Select site so vehicles do a minimum of backing

TRANSFER OF WATER BETWEEN PORTABLE TANKS Jet siphons Tank connecting devices

TYPES OF VALVES VS 11-7 Gate Valve (Nonindicating) Outside Screw And Yoke (OS&Y) Post Indicator Butterfly

TS 11–11 FRICTION LOSS That part of the total pressure lost as water moves through a piping system or hose

INCREASED FRICTION LOSS VS 11-8 Sediment and Debris Incrustation from Mineral Deposits

TS 11–12 KINDS OF PRESSURE Static pressure — Stored potential energy available to force water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters Normal operating pressure — Pressure found in a water distribution system during periods of normal consumption demand Residual pressure — Pressure left in a distribution system at a specific location when a quantity of water is flowing Flow pressure — Forward velocity pressure at a discharge opening while water is flowing

VS 11–1 WATER PRESSURE Static Pressure Residual Pressure Flow Pressure

Homework Match to their correct definitions, terms associated with water supply. Write the correct letters in the blanks. 1. A fire hydrant that receives water from two or more directions 2. Valve that does not visually show whether the valve seat is open, closed, or partially closed 3 . A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction 4. Valve that visually shows whether the gate or valve seat is open, closed, or partially closed 5. That part of the total pressure lost as water moves through a piping system or hose a. Dead-end hydrant b. Friction loss c. Hydrant with circulating feed d. Indicating valve e. Nonindicating valve

Homework 9.___ Residential hydrant supply 6. ___ Used by most communities; combines direct pumping and gravity systems. 7. ___ Uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation than the distribution system 8. ___ Water is forced into distribution system from a series of pumps a. Direct pumping b. Gravity system C. Combination system 9.___ Residential hydrant supply 10. __ Business and industrial districts 11. __ Long mains and those used on principal streets a. 12 inch b. 8 inch C. 6 inch

Homework Distributor Hydrant Primary Feeder Secondary Feeder 12. 13. 14. 15.

Homework 17. ___ 16. ___ 18. ___ 19. ___ a. Butterfly Valve b. OS&Y Valve c. Non-indicating Gate Valve d. Post Indicator Valve 16. ___ 17. ___ 18. ___ 19. ___

TYPES OF FIRE HYDRANTS VS 11-9 Dry Barrel Wet Barrel Stem Nut Hose Outlet And Valve Seal Operating Stem Operating Stem Automatic Check Main Valve Drain Hole

Homework Distinguish between wet-barrel and dry-barrel fire hydrants. Write A before characteristics of wet- barrel hydrants and B before characteristics of dry-barrel hydrants. 20. ___ Used in climates where freezing is expected 21. ___ Usually have compression-type valve at each outlet 22. ___ May have central valve located in the hydrant bonnet 23. ___ Usually classified as compression, gate, or knuckle-joint type 24. ___ Barrel always filled with water to the valves near the discharges 25. ___ Drains through a small valve at the bottom of the hydrant 26. ___ Valve holding back the water is below ground and anticipated frost line 27. ___ May open with pressure or against pressure 28. ___ When hydrant is closed, barrel from top of hydrant to the valve is empty of water 29. ___ Used in areas that do not have freezing weather

Homework Select facts about water shuttling and relay pumping. Write the correct letters on the blanks. 30. What is the term for raising water from a static water source to supply a pumper? a. Drafting b. Relaying c. Shuttling d. Siphoning 31. What rule of thumb may be used for placing a strainer at an effective depth? a. Ensure 12 inches of water above and below the strainer b. Ensure 6 inches of water above and below the strainer c. Ensure 24 inches of water above and below the strainer d. Ensure 18 inches of water above and below the strainer 32. Which of the following alternative sources of water requires strainers on hard-suction lines? a. Swimming pool b. Private industrial water system 3. Farm pond d. Storage tank 33. What is the shallowest level of water from which strainers can draw? a. 1 to 2 inches 2. 3 to 4 inches c. 5 to 6 inches d. 7 to 8 inches

Homework 34. Which is the recommended distance for water shuttling? Greater than ⅜ mile b. Greater than ½ mile c. Greater than ⅝ mile d. Greater than ¾ mile 35. Where should water supply officers be positioned for efficient water shuttles? a. At the fill site b. At the dump site c. At a point midway between the fill site and the dump site d. At both the fill site and the dump site 36. Which is generally the most efficient means of connecting portable tanks? a. Plain siphon c. Jet siphon b. Commercial tank-connecting device d. Hydro-Pac 37. What minimum fill rate for apparatus on level ground does the NFPA standard require? a. 750 gpm b. 1,000 gpm c. 1,250 gpm d. 1,500 gpm 38. Who determines the distance between pumpers in relay pumping? a. The driver of the apparatus at the source b. The driver of the attack apparatus c. The driver of the relay apparatus d. An appointed water supply officer

HYDRANT INSPECTION VS 11–2 • No Obstructions • Outlets Facing Correctly • Adequate Clearance from Ground • No Physical Damage • Little Rust or Corrosion • Paint in Condition • No Caps Painted Closed • Operating Nut Easily Turned • Full Flow • Ability to Drain • No Erosion at Base

TS 11–4 USING A PITOT TUBE Method 1: Grasping pitot tube just behind the blade with the first two fingers and thumb of the left hand while holding air chamber with right hand Method 2: Splitting left hand fingers around gauge outlet and placing left side of left fist on the edge of hydrant outlet

READING THE PITOT VS 11–3 D D D = ½ x Outlet Diameter

USING WATER FLOW TABLES VS 11–4

HYDRANT FLOW COLOR CODES VS 11–5 HYDRANT FLOW COLOR CODES Hydrant Class Color Flow 1,500 gpm (5 680 L/min) or greater Class AA Light Blue 1,000-1,499 gpm (3 785 L/min to 5 675 L/min Class A Green 500-999 gpm (1 900 L/min to 3 780 L/min) Class B Orange Less than 500 gpm (1 900 L/min) Red Class C

Homework Match to their correct definitions terms associated with flow and pressure. Write the correct letters on the blanks. 39. __ Pressure left at a specific location in water-distribution system when a quantity of water is flowing 40. __ Pressure or velocity of water coming from a discharge opening 41. __ Pressure in water-distribution system before the flow hydrant is opened 42. __ Pressure in water-distribution system during normal consumption demands Flow pressure b) Normal operating pressure c) Residual pressure d) Static pressure

Homework 43. __ Hydrant locations should not be spaced more than ___ feet apart in high-value districts A. 100 b. 200 c. 300 d. 600 44. __ Hydrants are usually placed near each street intersection, with intermediate hydrants where distances between intersections exceed ___ to ___ feet a. 100 to 200 b. 250 to 300 c. 300 to 325 d. 350 to 400

45.___ 46. ___ 47. ___ 48.___ Class AA Light Blue Class A Green a. Less than 500 gpm b. 500-999 gpm c. 1,000-1,499 gpm d. 1,500 gpm 45.___ Class AA Light Blue Class A Green 46. ___ Class B 47. ___ Orange 48.___ Red Class C