+ Women and Development

+ Ester Boserup: Women and Development Ester Boserup Women’s Role in Economic Development (1970) challenged welfare approach and highlighted women’s importance to agricultural economies. Combined justice and efficiency Saw women’s subordination as a result of exclusion from the marketplace. If women had better access to education, credit, technology, their productivity would increase as would national development

+ Women in Development Early to mid 1970s: WID coined by US Agency for Development professional women Focused on gender equity and economic efficiency Prior to that women seen only as mothers caring for kids and household while men were seen as productive WID proponents argued that donors should direct resources to women because their productive labor was key to economic development Focus on what development needed from women, not what women needed from development

+ Critique of WAD/WID Aim to get women into key economic, political positions, not changing gendered nature of institutions Women not seen as agents of change Linked to modernization paradigm

+ Critiques of WAD/WID was not concerned with the relationship between the productive and reproductive sides of life overstated women’s capacity to be cure for all ills did not take women’s own needs as starting point, focused instead on women as policy targets and as victims did not link women’s poverty to male-female social/power relations did not pay attention to intra-household dynamics overreliance on technological fixes

+ Gender and Development 1980s - Productivity approach Efficiency approach Entitlement approach Social Relations analysis

+ Gender and Development Social relations: It is through gender relations that men are given a greater capacity than women to mobilize a variety of cultural roles and material resources in pursuit of their own interests. The central problematic within this approach is not women's integration into development per se but the social structures, processes, and relations that give rise to women's disadvantaged position in a given society.

+ Gender Mainstreaming 1990s Pragmatic efforts to eliminate gender-based discrimination and adopt measures to promote gender equality at all stages of policy making.

+ Critique GAD/Gender mainstreaming Too technocratic Too depoliticized Not enough emphasis on intersectionality Gender watered down