Climate and Architecture Arch 331 Dr. Abdelrahman Elbakheit References العناصر المناخية و التصميم المعمارى, د. سعيد عبد الرحيم سعيد بن عوف.1 2. العمارة و المناخ, د. هاشم عبود الموسوى

General characteristics of main climates on earth: Equatorial climate: tropical climate: Temperate climate: Artic Climate: 1. Equatorial climate -Between 15ºN - 15ºS. -High Air Temperature, Humidity, V. High rain Falls. -e.g., Singapore, Jakarta, Lagos, Dar Al salaam, Mombassa, Kuala Lumpur. -Daily Max. 27º – 32 º. -Daily Min. 21º – 27º. -Monthly mean Humidity 55% - 100% Total mean 75%. -Heavy green Vegetations. -Calm winds, but up to 30m/s when raining.

2. Tropical climate: 2.1Hot dry (Desert). 2.2Hot Humid. 2.3Composite. 2.4Tropical high land. 2.1Hot Dry (Desert): -Between 15º - 30º N&S. -Two seasons Hot and Moderate. -e.g., Swan, Baghdad, Riyadh, Al Ain. -Monthly Max. (43º – 49º). (27º - 32º) -Monthly Min. (24º – 30º). (10º - 18º) -Monthly mean Humidity 10% - 55% 2.2Hot Humid: -Same location of Hot Dry, but near coasts. -Two seasons, Hot and relatively moderate.

2.2Hot Humid: -Same location of Hot Dry, but near coasts. -Two seasons, Hot and relatively moderate. -High relative humidity 50-90%, with clear skies and few clouds that causes glare. -Local wind, more influenced by Land/Sea Breath. Day -Sea Land. + Night -Land Sea. -Monthly Max. (40º – 48º). (24º - 30º) -Monthly Min. (21º – 26º). (10º - 18º). -Kuwait, Karachi, Jeddah. 2.3 Composite: - In central areas of continents, north of tropic of Cancer and South of tropic of Capricorn.

2.3 Composite: - In central areas of continents, north of tropic of Cancer and South of tropic of Capricorn. -Two main seasons Hot Dry (8-months) and Worm Humid (4-months). -Max. Hot Dry (32º – 43º). Humidity 22-55% -Min. Hot Dry (21º – 27º). -Max. Worm Humid (27º – 32º). Humidity 55-95% -Min. Worm Humid (24º – 27º). -New Deli, Cano, La hour. 2.4Tropical high lands: m above sea level. -Above 1800m, Max. temp. (24º -30º). Humidity (45-99%) -Min. Temp. (10º -13º). -Addis Abba, Nairobi, New Mexico.

3.Temperate climate: 3.1Mediterranean Climate 3.2Marine temperate Climate: 3.3continental temperate Climate: 3.4temperate Grassland climate: 3.1Mediterranean Climate: -Has three regions, coastal, High land and desert areas. Around the Mediterranean and other Similar areas. -Hot dry in Summer and Worm rainy in winter. -Subjected to tropical winds in summer and Arctic marine wind in winter. 3.2Marine Temperate Climate: -Very close to seas, very unsettled changes from place to place, even from hour-hour in a single place. -Comprising of series of days with varying weather. -Rainy near coasts with the rain reducing gradually away from coasts. -Heavy presence of vegetations in rainy areas. -From North of Spain in the south to Sweden Southern Coasts in the North. And in the western coasts of north America and Canada.

3.Temperate climate: 3.1Mediterranean Climate 3.2Marine temperate Climate: 3.3continental temperate Climate: 3.4temperate Grassland climate: 3.3Continental temperate Climate: -The main difference between Marine and Continental climates is that the later has high yearly temperature diurnal range from the former. Could be twice as much. -This is due to being away from the influence of Sea and far from the range of moist sea wind. -Subjected to tropical marine winds in summer and Arctic continental wind in winter. - Always under high pressure. -Inner parts of continents as in East Europe and Russia, Eastern Parts of Continents like North east of USA, Canada, Korea. 3.4Temperate Grassland: -This is the driest of the temperate climates, due to being far away from seas. -Famous of its tender grass coverage due to low rain. (Steppes Grass) -In Middle areas of North America, South of Continental temperate climate in Russia and Asia South of Argentina and south east Australia.

4.Arctic Climate: 4.1Cold Climate or Semi Arctic: 4.2Arctic Climate: 4.3Snow coverage Climate: 4.1Cold Climate or Semi Arctic: -Covers Northern Europe, Asia and north America, Southern half of Alaska to Canada and north of Finland. -Free from marine influence. -Very cold and dry especially in winter, ground is frosted or covered in snow. 4.2Artic Climate: -Northern part of Russia, Canada and Green Land and Southern Pole -Very cold in both winter and Summer, temperature below Zero even in Summer. 4.3Snow Coverage: -Very cold all year round. Temperatures always below Zero. -Central areas of green land. -Covered in snow all year round.

Climate considerations in building and urban design, Baruch Givoni, 1998 Man, Climate and architecture, Design with climate, V. Olgyay Natural energy and vernacular architecture, Fathy