CONTRIBUTIONS OF EARLY CIVILIZATIONS Nadzak 6.1

WORDS TO KNOW Ziggurat Cunieform Hammurabi’s Code Astronomy Sanskrit Caste system pharaoh

Civilization began in an area known as the Fertile Crescent. Located near the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf Rich soil – shaped like crescent Eastern section between Tigris & Euphrates = Mesopotamia – “land between two rivers” Western section = Mediterranean Sumerian, Babylonia, Phoenician & Egyptian cultures evolved here

Civilization began in an area known as the ________________. Located near the eastern shore of the _________________ Sea to the _______Gulf Rich soil – shaped like ___________ Eastern section between ___________ & _____________= _____________ – “land between two rivers” Western section = Mediterranean ________ & _________ & __________ & ______________cultures evolved here

Civilizations have 4 characteristics Surplus of food – leads to trade Division of labor – different types of jobs Organized institutions – gov’t, religion System of written communication – cuneiform, hieroglyphics, Sanskrit

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Civilizations have 4 characteristics Surplus of food – leads to ________ _______________– different types of jobs Organized institutions include _______ & ______________ System of written communication – ___________ & _____________ & ___________________

Sumerians 1 st people in Fertile Crescent 3500 – 2000 BC(BCE = before common era) Farmed & raised cattle Traders & artists Built temples & monuments called ziggurats Cuneiform = wedge-shaped Studied science & math & developed calendar Army used complex weapons made of metal

1 st people in ____________________ ______________ BC(BCE = before common era) Farmed & raised _______________ Traders & _________________ Built temples & monuments called _________ _______________= wedge-shaped Studied __________ & ____________& developed ____________________ Army used complex weapons made of ______

Babylonians Babylon located on Euphrates River – capital & impt center for trade & religion Hammurabi’s Code (1792 – 1750 BC) Believed in astrology – led to astronomy = study of universe

Babylonians Babylon located on ______ River – capital & impt center for _________ & ____________ ______________ Code (1792 – 1750 BC) Believed in astrology – led to ______________ = study of universe

How many facts can you say in 10 seconds?

Indus valley civilization (mohenjo-daro)

Phoenicians Lived in city-states along Mediterranean coast (1200 – 800 BC) Not much land to farm so became most famous traders of ancient world Skilled shipbuilders & were good sailors Used stars to travel by night Traded wool, papyrus, ivory & glass Invented alphabet similar to ours – passed onto Greeks

Phoenicians Lived in city-states along ________________coast (1200 – 800 BC) Not much land to farm so became most famous ___________ of ancient world Skilled _______________ & were good sailors Used _________to travel by night Traded ________ & ___________ & ______ & _________ Invented ___________similar to ours – passed onto Greeks

Egyptians Nile River valley civilizations One of oldest & longest lasting civilizations of world Developed advanced civilization Built cities, invented hieroglyphics & created large monuments (pyramids) Had many nat’l barriers that protected it from invasion = deserts in west & east – Red Sea in east & Mediterranean Sea in north Flooding of Nile = fertile land for crops – led to surplus of food – made Egyptians RICH! Nile made it easy to travel Religion impt – polytheistic Rulers = pharaohs

Kingdoms of Egypt OLD KINGDOM – gov’t developed, pyramids built, mummification MIDDLE KINGDOM – Egypt conquered Nubia, invaded Syria & Palestine – pharaohs drained swamps to provide more land – built canal to connect Nile to Red Sea NEW KINGDOM – Egypt created empire – first female pharaoh, Hatshepsut – monotheistic under Amenhotep IV

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Indus River Valley 3000 BC – 1500 BC 2 major cities = Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Civilizations lasted for hundred of yrs and were advanced Excavation revealed houses with plumbing connected to street sewers & large walled cities & mud brick bldgs Well-organized gov’t Harrappan rulers based power on religion Economy based on farming & herding Indus River Valley flooded – rich soil Traded with Mesopotamia

__________ to ___________ BC 2 major cities = _________ & ______________ Civilizations lasted for hundred of yrs and were ________________ Excavation revealed houses with __________ connected to street sewers & large walled cities & _______________bldgs Well-organized _____________ Harrappan rulers based power on __________ _____________ based on farming & herding _____________________flooded – rich soil Traded with ______________________

Aryans 1500 BC nomads, the Aryans, migrated to Indus River Valley Conquered Harappans & created new Indian society based on their own culture Aryans’ religious beliefs helped form Hinduism Carefully planned cities that included farming & herding Used irrigation & grew variety of crops (rice, millet, wheat & barley) By 1000 BC developed new form of writing, Sanskrit System of social classes called Caste System

1500 BC __________, the Aryans, migrated to _________________________ Conquered _______________ & created new Indian society based on their own culture Aryans’ religious beliefs helped form _________ Carefully planned ___________ that included farming & herding Used irrigation & grew variety of crops including _______ & _________ & __________- & _________ By 1000 BC developed new form of writing, _______________________ System of social classes called _________________

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Huang He River Valley Also called Yellow River Valley Along 2 rivers = Huang He (Yellow) & Chang Jiang (Long) Chinese civilization began with Xia Dynasty over 4000 yrs ago – not much known about this dynasty

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Huang He River Valley Also called ______ River Valley Along 2 rivers = _______(Yellow) & Chang Jiang (_________) Chinese civilization began with _____ Dynasty over 4000 yrs ago – not much known about this dynasty

Shang Dynasty Replaced Xia Dynasty Included an aristocracy whose wealth was based on land Power passed from generation to generation Shang king ruled kingdom divided into territories with warlords in charge of each territory Kings chose warlord leaders & could remove them By controlling warlords, king controlled large armies which protected his territory Early Chinese had strong belief in life after death Majority of Chinese were peasants who farmed land owned by aristocrats – some were merchants & artisans known for bronze artwork

Replaced _______ Dynasty Included an _________ whose wealth was based on land Power passed from ___________ to __________ Shang king ruled kingdom divided into ________ with ________in charge of each territory Kings chose warlord leaders & could ______ them By controlling warlords, king controlled _________________________________ Early Chinese had strong belief in ____after ____ Majority of Chinese were __________ who farmed land owned by aristocrats – some were merchants & artisans known for ___________artwork

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