V-SHARE (RGRHODES) 1. Mesopotamia Notes #1 WORLD HISTORY 9/28/11 3. Mesopotamia Notes #1 4. River Valleys Civilizations Chart 5. Complete Database and Turn in at the end of class

2. Mesopotamia (The Fertile Crescent)

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- “ THE LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS”

Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East. USA

I. Mesopotamian Civilizations PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. A.Located in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley (Present day Iraq) B. Protected by mountains and dry lands from nomadic invaders C. Ruled by kings and were polytheists in religious practices Iraq is now the country where the Sumerians lived Ruled by kings and were polytheistic in that Like Egyptians they worshipped many gods.

II. Sumer (Sumerians) A. Settled by 3,000 BC 1. Earliest Civilization in Fertile Crescent The Sumerian Civilization started somewhere between 5000 B.C. and 4000 B.C. when Neolithic Farmers began to settle the Tigris Euphrates Valley.

II. Sumer (Sumerians) 2. Developed Cuneiform a. 1 st form of writing b. Writers would press signs into clay tablets (about 1000 signs) 3. Numerical system is based on 60 They had a number system that was based on 60… and they developed an early form a clock (we use the same time system)

II. Sumer (Sumerians) 4. Built Ziggurats a. Were baked brick placed into layers up to 150 feet high b. Served as a shrine to a Sumerian Gods 5. Empire lasted until 2330 BC when the Akkadians conquered region Ziggurats where in the center of every city-state. They were part of a temple complex where religious and government functions were conducted. Homes and businesses surrounded the center of the City. The closer to the Ziggurat the more important person you were.

II. Sumer (Sumerians) THE WHEEL!

III. Babylon (Babylonians) A. Gain control of Mesopotamia around 2180 BC B. Rule of Hammurabi (1792 BC) 1. Great military and political leader. Gains control of most of Mesopotamia

III. Babylon (Babylonians) 2. Code of Hammurabi a. Set of 282 laws developed under the rule of Hammurabi b. Laws dealt with commerce, industry, property rights, working conditions & wages. c. Punishment “An Eye for An Eye”

III. Babylon (Babylonians) 1.If a man has borne false witness in a trial, or has not established the statement that he has made, if that case be a capital trial, that man shall be put to death. 2.If a man has accused another of laying a nertu [death spell?] upon him, but has not proved it, he shall be put to death. 3.If a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen property from him shall be put to death. 4. If a man has stolen a child, he shall be put to death. 5. If a man has broken into a house he shall be killed before the breach and buried there. 6. If a man has committed highway robbery and has been caught, that man shall be put to death.

IV. Other Conquerors A. The Hittites 1. Controlled area from 1600 BC to 1200 BC 2. Among the first people to use Iron 3. Laws were not as harsh as those of the Babylonians

IV. Other Conquerors B. The Assyrians 1. Controlled area from 900 BC to 650 BC 2. Used Chariots in battle and were the first to use Cavalry (men on horseback)

IV. Other Conquerors B. The Assyrians 3. Epic of Gilgamesh (2000 BC) a. One of the oldest known works of literature. b. Written in cuneiform on 12 tablets c. Each tablet tells of an adventure of the King of Uruk (Gilgamesh) d. Table 11 contains a story about a Great Flood.

IV. Other Conquerors C. The Chaldeans 1. Controlled area from 600 BC to 530 BC 2. Rule of Nebuchadnezzar a. Expands the empire, takes over the Hebrews, and takes destroys Jerusalem, and gets 7,000 Hebrew slaves.

IV. Other Conquerors C. The Chaldeans 2. Rule of Nebuchadnezzar b. Made the Jews make the Hanging Gardens (made for Nebuchadnezzar wife because she was home sick) and the Tower of Babel (to get closer to the heavens and was a ziggurat)

How was Mesopotamia a Civilization? WRITING- YES (CUNEIFORM) ARMY- YES (LED BY KING) GOVERNMENT- YES (KING) RELIGION- YES (POLYTHESISM ) EDUCATION- YES (SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR)

Unit 2: River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia Database Terms 1. Cuneiform4. Epic of Gilgamesh 2. Ziggurats5. Hanging Gardens 3. Code of Hammurabi COMPLETED DATABASE DUE AT THE END OF CLASS. THAT MEANS: - ALL 6 ANCIENT RIVER VALLEY TERMS - ALL 9 EGYPT TERMS - ALL 5 MESOPOMAMIA TERMS DEFINITIONS & SIGNIFICANCE!

V-SHARE (RGRHODES) 1. HEBREW INTRO QUESTIONS 2. MESOPOTAMIA NOTES #2 WORLD HISTORY 9/29/11 1.COMPLETE & DROPBOX HEBREW QUESTIONS 2.MESOPOTAMIA NOTES #2 3.COMPLETE CIVILIZATION CHART 4.FINAL DATABASE TERMS 5.QUIZ – MONDAY (BOTH MESOPOTAMIA NOTES 6.TEST - TUESDAY

The Phoenicians & Hebrews

I. The Phoenicians (2300 BC – 65 BC)

A. Location 1. Western End of the Fertile Crescent 2. Present day nations of Israel, Lebanon, and Syria

I. The Phoenicians (2300 BC – 65 BC) B. Economics 1. Little farm land and mountains to the east so they turned to trading goods by sea. 2. Made up of many city-states each ruled by a different king. 3. Lumber was their most important natural resource. a. Also known for trading glass and purple dye.

I. The Phoenicians (2300 BC – 65 BC) C. Culture 1. Polytheistic, believed in many different gods (Like Egyptians and Sumerians) 2. Developed an Alphabet that would become a model for later alphabets a. Believed to be based on Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics b. Used 22 symbols, each symbol represented a sound, easier to learn. c. Alphabet spread because of trade, contracts, and bills

I. The Phoenicians (2300 BC – 65 BC)