11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7. U.N. Charter: African people have right to “self-determination”—encourages African nationalism Result: violent and peaceful revolutions.

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U.N. Charter: African people have right to “self-determination”—encourages African nationalism Result: violent and peaceful revolutions for independence after WWII

1. South Africa (British) Nelson Mandela leads fight against racist “apartheid” Ended in 1994 Mandela became first black President of S. Africa

2. Kenya—Jomo Kenyatta leads violent struggle (“Mau Mau” Uprising) for independence against British. Kenyatta became President of Kenya after independence

3. Egypt— Egyptians take Suez in 1956

4. Algeria– violent revolution against French

5. West Africa– peaceful revolution

6. Congo– freed from Belgium When Congo was freed, it was renamed “Zaire,” then recently it was renamed again, the “Democratic Republic of Congo”

7. Rwanda– genocide: Hutus kill Tutsi (1994)