Finding a Trade Route to Asia Why did Europeans decide to try and find a trade route West to Asia? What advancements lead to increased navigation of the world? How was math vital to the European Explorers during the 15th and 16th centuries?

The Age of Discovery Two major directions: Europeans subjugated most of Americas politically, socially, and economically In Asia, economic control was more common with the Asiatic empires left untouched Competition resulted in war and worldwide clashes A sense of global economy

Voyages of Exploration

Technological Advancements Travelers from China returned with the compass New ruddereasier steering More accurate maps Printing pressmaps and travel guides Visitors from China brought gunpowder to Europeused to suppress Indians Astrolabelatitude and longitude

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

Motives for European Exploration Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  spread Christianity. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Fame and fortune.

The Portuguese Go First! Prince Henry “the Navigator” explored Africa’s coast in search of gold, slaves, and route to Asia Portugal swapped goods with African tribal chiefs for slaves Portuguese: exploration of African coast, leading to sea-route around Africa to Asian spice markets; African slave trade

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Empire Bartolomeo Dias, 1487-88 Reached Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama, 1498. Established Portuguese in Calicutta, India Pedro Cabral, 1500 Touched Brazil Amerigo Vespucci, 1499 Sailed along the coast of South America

Spanish Voyages of Columbus On Oct. 12, 1492 Columbus landed in the Bahamas and believed he was in Japan based upon a map by Marco Polo Columbus, 1492: thought Cuba was Japan & South America--China On third trip in 1498, Columbus realized he was not in Asia when greeted by the Taino Indians Believing he was in the East Indies he called them “indians” and the name stuck

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Spanish Maritime Empire Vasco de Balboa, 1513 Discovered Pacific Ocean Hernando Cortes, 1519 Gathered wealth from Mexico Ferdinand Magellan, 1519-1521 His ships sailed around the world Francisco Pizarro, 1528 Captured wealth from the Incas of Peru

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Spanish Empire in the New World Aztec Empire(Mexico) and Incan Empire (Peru) dominated central and South America Cortes defeated Montezuma II and Pizzaro defeated Atahualpa Montezuma II Atahualpa

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Impact on Europe Mining for gold and silver and agriculture led to revenue for Spain New ideas on civilization and religion spread New industries and inventions flourished due to profits from the New World consequences: 300+ years of overseas Spanish empire; Europe’s largest and longest-lived trading bloc; biological impact of exchanging plant & animal species, diseases; Native American devastation

The Church in Spanish America the conquerors wanted to convert the captured native people to Christianity and to accept European culture some religious leaders felt the natives were being treated poorly such as Bartolome de Las Casas despite the opposition the Roman Catholic Church becomes one of the most powerful conservative forces in Latin America

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

Latin America Exploitation mining – the Spanish conquistadores or conquerors mined gold and silver with forced labor agriculture – on haciendas, large land estates owned by the peninsulares (people born in Spain) and creoles (people of Spanish descent born in America) used forced labor for mining, farming and ranching plantations in the West Indies used slaves to get sugar economic activity in government offices, the legal profession, and shipping

Cont’d labor servitude in order of appearance encomienda – a formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians repartimiento – required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises debt peonage – Indian laborers required to purchase goods from the landowner to who they were forever indebted black slavery

European Empires in the Americas

Impact in Europe at first condemned for the treatments of the native populations, Columbus and other explorers are hailed 300 years later for opening up the world to new civilizations influx of spices and precious metals increases inflation in Europe new wealth however increased the expansion of printing, shipping, mining, textile, and weapons industries

What was the social, religious, and economical impact of Columbus’ and others exploration?

Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

New Colonial Rivals