Theories of Deviance. 2 Differentiation & Deviance  differentiation refers to the myriad variations among people based on selected social characteristics.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Impact of Social Institutions on Caribbean Culture and Society Cont’d
Advertisements

Erickson’s Functionalist Perspective Deviance helps maintain boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Deviance bolsters cohesion and solidarity.
Part I. Deviance is the violation of norms Anything that falls outside of what is considered “normal”
Deviance? Deviance Deviance - behaviour that differs from the social norms of the group and is judged wrong by other members of that.
Introduction to Sociology
Human rights exploration
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under.
Chapter 7 Deviance and Crime Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Chapter 6: Deviance & Crime
Theory and Theoretical Paradigms: Ehhh? What’s a “paradigm” and why use that word??? Theory: statement of how 2+ facts are related We can USE theory to.
How do we create a sense of ‘team’ among a group of individuals?
Some Important Sociological Concepts. © Copyright 2009 The McGraw Hill Company 2 Social Interaction Social interaction: the ways in which people respond.
Non-governmental Actors in the Compliance with and Monitoring of Multilateral Environmental Decisions.
Chapter 8:DEVIANCE & SOCIAL CONTROL
Labelling theories of crime and deviance
What is deviance and how is it explained?
The Nature of Deviance Deviance is behavior that departs from societal or group norms. Deviance is a matter of social definition–it can vary from group.
Explaining Deviance.
SOSIOLOGI & MEDIA Pertemuan 1 Matakuliah: Sosiologi Komunikasi Massa Tahun: 2009/2010.
Deviance, Crime and Social Control
Labeling, Conflict, and Radical Theories
Deviance and Social Control Essential Questions
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL.
Bellwork 11-3 What does deviant mean to you?
DEVIANCE IN SOCIETY.
Chapter 8 Pages  Write down two or three examples of a deviant or of deviant behavior.
Chapter 7 Deviant Behavior. Positivism Both biological and psychological views of criminal behavior seethe individual at fault in some way, not society.
Aspects of Social Systems Human Behavior and the Social Environment.
Tyler Ruby and Chris Coup.  To analyze and interpret deviance and social Control and how it has affected our society in recent years.
Groups within Society Chapter 4, section 4 Pgs
The Changing Boundaries of Criminology
DEVIANCE & MEDICALIZATION: From Badness to Sickness
How do we define and control social behavior. SOCIAL CONTROL  Mechanisms that attempt to deter deviant behavior  Means to promote stability within society.
Social Functions of Deviance The rules of sociological method, by Emile Durkheim state that deviance has some uses in social life.
School & Society: 3 Perspectives1 The Relation of School to Society: Three School of Thought Functionalism –Schools socialize and adopt students to the.
Areas of Study in Sociology. Family Primary function is to reproduce society, either biologically, socially, or both. Primary function is to reproduce.
CRIMINOLOGY Is an integrated approach to the study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
Effective Groups and Teams
Chapter One: Crime and Criminology. Criminology Is an integrated approach to the study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
The Real World An Introduction to Sociology Third Edition Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein Chapter 6: Deviance.
Understanding Groups & Teams Ch 15. Understanding Groups Group Two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular.
Some Important Sociological Concepts. 2 Social Interaction Social interaction: the ways in which people respond to one another How we interact with people.
DRILL 1)What was the most interesting thing you found about your country’s culture in your research? 2)When you hear the word deviance what do you think.
LECTURE III Social structure and social institutions.
Chapter 4 Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life.
Chapter 7 Deviance.
DEVIANCE. Learning Goals You will: -Describe theories related to deviance -Summarize and interpret statistics on deviant behaviour -Describe methods of.
Easter Revision Class! When? Thursday 11 th April 9am – 2pm Who? Intervention list – compulsory Not on intervention list – highly recommended Where? –
A Sociological Look…. 1. Continuously talking to oneself in public 2. Drag racing on a public street or highway 3. Regularly using illegal drugs 4. A.
1 On the Sociology of Deviance Ch. 8, Kai T. Erikson.
Chapter 19 Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction. Chapter Outline The Violation of Norms Reactions to Norm Violations Labeling and Secondary Deviance Formal.
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Chapter 7 Deviance In Conflict and Order: Understanding Society, 11 th edition This multimedia product and its contents.
MORAL ENTREPRENEURS: THE CREATION & ENFORCEMENT OF DEVIANT CATEGORIES Howard S. Becker.
Chapter 7 Deviance and Social Control What is Deviance? Dimensions of Deviance Theoretical Perspectives on Social Deviance Crime and Social Control.
Deviance and Social Control
Social Functions of Deviance The rules of sociological method, by Emile Durkheim state that deviance has some uses in social life.
Section 1 at a Glance Social Control People generally follow social norms—and expect others to as well—because they have internalized the norms that they.
DEVIANCE. Nature of Deviance What do these have in common? 1. Continuously talking to oneself in public 2. Drag racing on public roads 3. Regularly using.
DEVIANCE & COLLECTIVE ACTION Sociology 1301: Introduction to Sociology Week Ten.
Deviance 8.1.
Theories of Deviance.
DEVIANCE AND CRIME AN INTRODUCTION.
Deviance.
Seeing and Thinking Sociologically
Theories of Deviance.
Chapter 8, Deviance Key Terms.
Moral Entrepreneurs: The Creation & Enforcement of Deviant Categories
Deviance 8.1.
Deviance and Social Control
Deviance Chapter 7.
Presentation transcript:

Theories of Deviance

2 Differentiation & Deviance  differentiation refers to the myriad variations among people based on selected social characteristics  e.g., age, sex, race, educational attainment, occupational status, etc.  Early sociologists like Durkheim saw social differentiation as a master process of modernization  modernization: the transformation from traditional to complex, modern society  Conditions that promote differentiation also promote deviance  They also likely boost the degree and range of social stratification by increasing the # of criteria for comparing people

3 Theoretical perspectives on deviance – two basic types  Structural theories  emphasize the relationship of deviance to certain structural conditions within a society  focus on epidemiology, or the distribution of deviance in time and place  are typically macro-level and are considered general theories  e.g., functionalism and conflict theory  Process/Interaction theories  describe the processes by which individuals come to commit deviant acts  focus on etiology, or the origins and development of deviance  are typically micro-level theories  e.g., labeling theory, control theory, and learning or socialization theories

Moral Entrepreneurs: The Creation & Enforcement of Deviant Categories Ch. 3, Howard S. Becker

5 Moral entrepreneurs  moral entrepreneurs are people who seek to influence a group to adopt or maintain a norm  they may create “moral panics” around perceived urgent problems, e.g.,  drinking alcohol or sexual psychopathy  moral entrepreneurs can be divided into:  rule creators  rule enforcers

6 Eighteenth Amendment  The 18 th Amendment of the US Constitution (ratified in 1919), along with the Volstead Act, established Prohibition (of "intoxicating liquors,“ except those used for religious purposes) in the US.  Demand for liquor continued, with the following results:  criminalization of producers, suppliers, transporters and consumers  police, courts and prisons were overwhelmed with new cases  organized crime increased in power  corruption extended among law enforcement officials  The amendment was repealed in 1933 by ratification of the 21 st Amendment, the only instance in US history of repeal of a constitutional amendment

7 Rule creators  Rule creators: “moral crusaders,” fervent, righteous, often self-righteous  Mission is to promote their sense of morality - thereby defining and combating deviance - for the presumed good of others  Chief concern is the ends - persuasion of others - not the means by which persuasion is achieved  Successful moral crusades are generally dominated by those in the upper social strata of society  They must build public awareness of a problem, and have power, public support, and a clear and acceptable solution to the problem  tend to have “strange bedfellows,” e.g.,  overlap & cooperation among Temperance, Abolitionist, Women’s Rights, and anti-Child Labor movements in the late-19 th, early 20 th centuries  alliance formation among conservative Christian activists and Feminists in antitrafficking campaigns

8 Rule enforcers  Successful crusades produce new sets of rules & enforcement agents/agencies, thus institutionalizing the crusade  Rule enforcers, e.g., police, are compelled by two drives:  the need to justify their own role  the need to win respect in interactions  They are in a bind: if they show too much effectiveness one might say they are not needed, and if they show too little effectiveness one might say they are failing  Rule enforcers just feel the need to enforce the rule because that is their job; they are not really concerned with the content of the rule  As rules are changed, something that was once acceptable may now be punished and vice versa  Such officials tend to take a pessimistic view of human nature due to constant exposure to willful deviance

9 Enforcement is selective  a good deal of enforcement activity is devoted not to the actual enforcement of rules, but to coercing respect from the people the enforcer deals with  people may be labeled deviant not due to breaking a rule but showing disrespect

10 Enforcement is selective (cont’d)  Whether a person who commits a deviant act is in fact labeled a deviant depends on things besides his actual behavior:  whether official feels pressure at the time to justify his/her position  whether respect is shown to enforcer  whether the “fix is in”  amateurs tend to be caught, convicted, and labeled deviant much more than professionals (who know the “fixer”)  whether the kind of act committed is high on enforcer’s priority list

The Normal and the Pathological Ch. 7, Emile Durkheim

12 Crime is normal  Crime is present in all societies of all types  Its form changes  acts thus characterized are not the same everywhere but everywhere and always there have been people whose behavior draws punishment  Crime is not only inevitable, it is necessary - an integral part of all healthy societies

13 What is crime?  Crime consists of an act that offends certain very strong collective sentiments  It is not the intrinsic quality of a given act that makes it a crime, but the definition which the “collective conscience” of society gives it

14 Crime plays a useful role in social evolution  Where crime exists, collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form, and crime sometimes helps determine the form they will take  Socrates’ crime, independence of thought, provided a service not only to humanity but to his country, preparing the ground for a new morality & faith in Athens, since traditions were no longer in harmony with current conditions  his violation was a crime, but it was useful as a prelude to necessary reforms

15 Beyond good & evil  Crime must no longer be conceived as an evil to be suppressed  Instead, we should attempt to discern its “social function,” the purpose it serves for society

On the Sociology of Deviance Ch. 8, Kai T. Erikson

17 Deviant behavior in “communities”  communities: collectivities of people who share a common sphere of experience, which gives members a sense of belonging to a special “kind” and living in a special “place”  communities are “boundary-maintaining”: each community has a specific territory in the world, occupying a defined region of geographical and cultural space  both dimensions of group space – geographical & cultural – set the community apart and provide a point of reference for members

18 Boundary drawing  Q: How do people know about boundaries and how do they convey it to future generations?  A: By participating in the confrontations which occur when persons venture out to the edges of the group are met by policing agents whose job it is to guard the cultural integrity of the community

19 Confrontations between deviant offenders & social control agents  Confrontations - criminal trials, excommunication hearings, courts-martial, psychiatric case conferences - act as boundary-maintaining devices in that they demonstrate where the line is drawn b/w behavior that is acceptable in the community and behavior that is not  Each time the community moves to censure some act of deviation and convenes a formal ceremony to deal with the responsible offender, it sharpens the authority of the violated norm and restates group boundaries  Still, community boundaries are never fixed but are subject to change - as the nature & location of confrontations change

20 Deviance, in controlled quantities, may help preserve social stability  Deviant behavior, by marking the outer edges of group life, provides a framework within which members develop a sense of their own cultural identity  “…the agencies built by society for preventing deviance are often so poorly equipped for the task that we might well ask why this is regarded as their ‘real’ function in the first place” (98)

21 Commitment ceremonies: self-fulfilling prophecies?  The community’s decision to bring deviant sanctions against a member is a “rite of transition,” moving the person out of an ordinary place in society into a special deviant position  commitment ceremonies: highly public & dramatic events set up to judge whether or not someone is deviant, mark this change of status  the criminal trial is the most obvious example  importantly, in our culture, they are almost irreversible, and might be called “self-fulfilling prophecies”

22 Conclusion  Two separate yet often competing currents are found in any society:  forces which promote a high degree of conformity among people of community so they know what to expect from one another  forces which encourage a certain degree of diversity so that people can be deployed across the range of group space to survey its potential, measure its capacity, and patrol its boundaries for deviants  Deviance is a natural product of group differentiation and contributes to the survival of the culture as a whole