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Earlier Explorations 1.Islam & the Spice Trade  Malaccas 2.A New Player  Europe Marco Polo, Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” W

Map of the Known World pre- 1492

Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries. 4.Gold 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune. W

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps Sextant Mariner’s Compass W

New Technology Caravel Wheel lock Musket W

Prince Henry, the Navigator Started School for Navigation, 1419 W

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Empire 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, 1487-tip of Africa. 3.Vasco da Gama, 1498-India. 4.Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Columbus [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan: 1st Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Rice  Barley

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Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Treasure from the Americas! 35 million pesos between

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

European Empires in the Americas

Triangular Trade

Treaty of Tordesillas: Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Father Bartolome de Las Casas Father Bartolome de Las Casas Spanish Monk who protested the Spanish cruelty towards Native Americans Spanish Monk who protested the Spanish cruelty towards Native Americans New Laws  1542 W

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native American populations ravaged by disease. ► Taino became extinct ► 1519 – 26 million ► 1605 – 2 million million Africans enslaved 3.Spread of Christianity W

4.Columbian Exchange 5.Influx of gold & silver into Europe = inflation million from Deepened European rivalries. 7.Funding voyages of exploration led to Joint-stock companies Entrepreneurs Mercantilism  Capitalism W

8. New Patterns of World Trade W