Review  What were the 2 reasons that the US entered WWI?  Who were the “irreconcilables”?  Who were the “Reservationists”?  Why didn’t the US join the League of Nations?

More About the 1920s Post War Turmoil

Factors that led to turmoil after WWI  Fear of Communism.  Immigration  Blacks leaving the South for the North—The Great Migration.  Prohibition

The Red Scare  “Reds” are Communists.  Red Scare = Anti-Communist panic that swept through the US in the early 1920s  During WWI, the communists had taken over Russia through revolution.  1919 Communist International (Comintern)  Tied to fear/hatred of immigrants in that many are communists or anarchists.

The Palmer Raids  A. Mitchell Palmer was Wilson’s Attorney General.  He believed that Communists wanted to take over the world.  He felt that Communists in the US wanted to overthrow the Govt.  On 6/2/1919, bombs went off in 8-cities (1-in front of Palmer’s house).

Palmer Raids (continued)  J. Edgar Hoover begins to gather information on radicals.  In , Palmer’s men staged raids throughout US cities in which suspected radicals were arrested.  In January of 1920, more than 6,000 were arrested in a single night.  Most of these people were immigrants and 500 were deported.  Most were seized without warrants and denied lawyers and denied food, water heat, and bathrooms. Some were beaten.

 What would be a reason to defend the Palmer raids and how they were carried out?  What would be some arguments against the Palmer raids?

Sacco and Vanzetti  Were Italian immigrants accused of murder during a robbery in  Both were also anarchists.  The judge in their case was hostile towards them and called them “dagos.”  They were executed in 1927.

The Great Migration  During the 1920s, the exodus of blacks leaving the South to go to cities in the North continued.  Blacks wanted out of the South because of low wages and Jim Crow laws.  Cities = factories.

Racial Tensions  The large amounts of blacks to cities in the North (and LA) led to race riots in many cities in the early 1920s.

Marcus Garvey  Black from Jamaica who came to New York at the age of 28.  Preached a message of Black pride and self-help (black nationalism).  United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

 “Back to Africa” Movement—Called for African Americans to return to Africa.  Black Star Line—ships that would take blacks back to Africa.  Lots of corruption—Garvey found guilty of mail fraud and deported.

Economic Unrest  Postwar Recession  Women quit jobs or are forced to.  Pressure for jobs with returning vets.  1919 = 3,600 Strikes –Seattle –Boston Police –Steelworkers ALL FAILED

Review  What was the “Red Scare”?  What were the “Palmer Raids”?  How did the Great Migration Lead to racial tension?  Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?  What was Marcus Garvey for?

Marcus Garvey