DISEASE OF POULTRY بیماری های طیور قسمت اول ارائه از وبلاگ: www.wops.tk

ANTE MORTEM INSPECTION At the farm before transportation to the slaughterhouse the poultry flock must be examined by veterinarian. A certificate must be composed on the results of this inspection and the pre-life of the flock If the certificate is available – and it is negative – and it does not indicate the necessity of special measures, the ante mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse will include the identification of transported flock and control of injuries took place during transportation, furthermore the examination of dead birds. Based on these data and examinations the veterinarian decides whether the flock will be submitted to normal or special slaughter or further special examination.

Notifiable Diseases Former O.I.E. list A Former O.I. E. list B Newcastle disease (Paramyxovirus) Avian influenza (Orthomyxovirus) Duck plaque (Herpesvirus) Former O.I. E. list B Fowl cholera Fowl typhoid In case of these diseases the flock is slaughtered separately – mostly at the end of the day- as it is not condemned

Diseases of Poultry  Zoonosis Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis, except typhoid) Campylobacteriosis Chlamydiosis Tuberculosis /Anthrax/

Inspection of the surface injuries (as consequences of transportation) inflammation of skin arthritis synovitis (infection of Staphylococcus aureus) Marek’s disease (skin form)

Inspection of visceral organs and the body cavity Bacterial infections Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid) Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera) E. coli septicaemia Staphylococcosis Streptococcosis

Septicaemia haemorrhages and/or fibrinous inflammation on seromembranes pleuritis pericarditis air sacculitis liver, spleen conditions: enlarged friable (associated with subcapsular haemorrhages) lungs, intestines, genitals

Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis) Zoonosis S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Infantis S. Hadar S. Agona S. Saint-paul S. Bovis-morbificans …etc.

Gram negative rods with filaments Sensitivity: 70° C 5 min fresh meat - 2-3 weeks frozen meat - years Pathology: septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver, necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation in caecum! - water fowl! ) Total condemned for human consumption! Slaughterhouse hygenie, household hygenie (contamination!)

Fowl typhoid Salmonella Gallinarum/Pullorum adapted to special host Gram negative rods without any filaments sensitive to 70°C 5 min in fresh meat for 2-4 month in frozen meat for years in water for 4-6 weeks Germinative transmission!

Pathology: enlarged spleen liver within small necrotic foci white-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardium in lungs in intestine fibrinous inflammation of seromembranes degenerated follicles on ovary, salpingitis arthritis

Poultry meat is partial condemned for human consumption only the affected areas are condemned (mostly the parenchymal organs and intestines - in case of arthritis the legs are removed)

Small intestine, caecum, liver

white-grey necrotic nodules in myocardium (typhoma)

Tuberculosis Zoonosis Mycobacterium avium Ziehl-Nelsen positive slim rods Main character: acid- and alcohol-fastness Sensitivity: (Pasteur) 85°C - 1 sec 72-76°C - 14-45 sec 62-65°C - 30 min

Domesticated birds: adult only wild- exotic birds (ZOO), ostrich Pathology: bad condition grey-yellow nodules of varying sizes in - diff. organs - intestines - bone marrow Condemned for human consumption

Colibacillosis Gram negative rods septicaemia coligranulomatosis (intestine, mesenterium) CRD (Chronic Respiratory Disease) Partial condemned for human consumption

Fibrin liver, heart (Mycoplasma, E. coli)

Fibrin (heart, intestine)

Chronic Respiratory Disease Mycoplasmosis Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplasma synoviae Mycoplasma meleagridis Mycoplasma iowae Mycoplasma anseris Mycoplasma cloacalae Mycoplasma anatum Ureaplasmas

Pathogenicy varied, mostly facultative pathogen ! In general Mycoplasmas are colonizing mucosal surfaces They are associated with bacteria and/or viruses (respiratory virus infection, E. coli, Ornithobacterium..) stress immunsuppression (viral diseases, mycotoxins..)

Fowl cholera/Pasteurellosis Mainly in turkey, water fowl Pasteurella multocida acute form chronic form Gram negative coccoid-rods Sensitivity: 60°C 2 min Pathology: septicaemia arthritis salpingitis fibrinopurulent meningitis fibrinous inflammation of phallus Septicaemia - condemned Chronic form: partial condemnation (except cachexia)

Petechiae in the heart of goose (pasteurellosis, erysipelas, asphyxia)

Necrotic foci in the liver goose (pasteurellosis, erysipelas)

Erysipelas Water fowl Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiae Gram positive rods sensitivity: mild septicaemia Diff. diagn.: Pasteurellosis (septicaemia) Partial condemnation for human consumption

Staphylococcosis Staphylococcus aureus Gram positive coccus Ubiquiter, pathogen if enters through the skin or mucosal membranes Pathology: septicaemia – young birds arthritis, periarthritis synovitis, osteomyelitis - adult gangrenous dermatitis (wings, legs) in broilers Condemned or partial condemnation

Campylobacteriosis Zoonosis Campylobacter jejuni C. coli Microaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivity It is an intestinal commensal in broiler breeders, layer-type breeders, turkey. Hepatitis (enteritis) in poultry Enteritis in human Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!

Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis) Zoonosis Chlamydia psittaci Intracellular Pigeon, turkeys, ducks, gees, pheasant Inhaling dust from feces or feather Slaughterhouse hygenie

Anthrax Zoonosis It occurs rarely in birds where the disease is endemic. Chicken are highly resistant. Ducks occasionally show the disease Ostriches are moderately susceptible, often with high mortality.