RATION FORMULATION PROCEDURES  Identify nutrient requirements based on physiologal status of animals  What feeds available (locally in particular)  Quality status of the feeds  Price  Limitation  Ration Formulation

RATION FORMULATION PROCEDURES  There some methods of ration formulation: a.Trial and error b.Pearson’s square c.Linear Programming

Feeds Corn Rice Bran Cassava meal Wheat meal Sorghum meal Molasses Feather meals Fish meal Soybean meal Meat Bone Meal Peanut cake meals Coconut cake meal Meat meals Conventional Feeds

Grain  Rice (Oryza Sativa)  Corn (Zea Mays)  Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare)  Barley (Hordeum vulgare)  Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)  Millet  Soybean  Peanut

Grain By Products  Rice Bran  Rice Polishing  Rice Pollard  Wheat Polard  Wheat Glutten  Corn Gluten

Forages  Leucaena leaves  Alfalfa leaves  Cassava leaves  Sesbania leaves  Sweet potatoe leaves  etc

Roots  Cassava  Sweet potato  Cassava wastes  etc

Industrial By Products  Coconut cake meals  Soybean meal  Full Fat Soyabean Meal  Cotton Seed meal  Peanut Meal  Sunflower Meal  Tofu wastes  Sesame seed meal  Kapok seed meal

Industrial By Product  Fish meal  Blood meal  Meat meal  Meat Bone meal  Feather meal  Poultry manure

Mineral Dan Asam Amino sintetik Calcium sources Limestone Rock phosphate Calcium phosphat Calcium monophosphat Phosphate sources Mono, Di and Tri phosphate Bone meal Synthetic Amino Acids DL-Methionin L-Lysin Tryptophan

Feed Additive  Microbial : Probiotic  Vitamins : ADEK dan B  Micro-minerals : Zink, Cobalt, Selenium,  Enzimes : Protease, Amylase Selulase, glucanase  Antibiotic:  Hormone :  Prebiotic  Acidifier, etc

Non- Conventional Banana leaves Sweet potatoe leaves Poultry manure Catapillar Manure Cocoa seed meal Fermented materials Cassava wastes – poultry manure Hidrolysed materials Rumen content

Hidrolisis Air Abu Sekam Isi Rumen Water50 lBurn materials 5 kg Rumen content 10 kg Filtrat of Rumen content Hydrolised Rumen content Feed Leave for 21 hours Filtrat

Limitation of Feed utilisation  Volume/Fibrous diet  Anti Nutritive factors  Essential amino acid content  Digestibility  Lipid content  Balance Ca:P  Palatability  Price and availability

Limit use of AA Feeds Main second others ØCorn Lys/Tryp Lys/Tryp Met/Threo ØSorghum Lys Threo Tryp ØWheat Lys Threo Met ØSoybean meal Met Threo - ØCottonseed meal Lys Met Threo ØCoconut cake meal Lys Met - ØFish meal Tryp - - ØMeat Bone Meal Tryp Threo Isoleu ØBlood meal Isoleu Lys Met ØFeather meal Met Lys - ØRice bran Lys Isoleu - ØWheat Pollard Lys Threo Isoleu

 Ad libitum Method of Feeding  Skip a day  Choice of Feeding

2-18 NRC Guidelines: Dairy Holstein, 1,5000 lb., average body condition 65 mo.age 90 Days in MilkEarly LactationDry, Pregnant 270 Days in Gestation BW 1,656 lb Milk yield, lb/d Dry matter intake lb/d Net energy, Mcal/lb Diet % RDP Diet % RUP Crude Protein a % Calcium, % Phosphorus,% Potassium b, % Sodium, % Copper c, ppm Zinc, ppm

2-19 NRC Guidelines: Beef, Finishing

2-20 NRC Guidelines: Beef, Cows

2-21 NRC Guidelines: Swine

2-22 NRC Guidelines: Poultry-Chickens NutrientLayer- 80 a,b Layer- 100 a,b Layer- 120 a,b Broiler 0-3 wk Broiler 3-6 wk Broiler 6-8 wk Protein, % Ca, % P c, % Potassium, % Copper, mg???888 Zinc, mg Sodium, % a Grams feed intake/hen daily b Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens). c Phosphorus is nPP. 1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, National Research Council.

Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-23 NRC Guidelines: Poultry-Turkeys NutrientTurkey 0-3 wk3-6 wk6-9 wk9-12 wk12-15 wk15-18 wk Protein, % Ca, % P, % c Potassium, % Copper, mg Zinc, mg Sodium., % a Grams feed intake/hen daily b Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens). c Phosphorus is nPP. 1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, National Research Council.

Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-24 NRC Guidelines: Poultry-Other NutrientDuck 0-2 wk Duck 2-7 wk Duck Breeding Turkey Tom Turkey Hen Protein, % Ca,% P,% C ? Potassium, % ??? Copper, mg???68 Zinc, mg60??4065 Sodium, % a Grams feed intake/hen daily b Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs/100 hens daily). c Phosphorus is nPP. 1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, National Research Council.