Gender and Development in Africa Some Reflections C. Mark Blackden Office of the Sector Director Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Africa Region Global Issues Seminar Series November 1,

Gender & Development? 2

Gender & Development n 3 Issue Areas n Economics : Gender and Growth n Gender not just a “social” issue n Poverty : Different for ♂ and ♀ n Understanding gender dimensions n AIDS : “Gender Dynamics” n Risk, vulnerability, & impact n Link with legal status and rights 3

Uganda: Gender Intensity of Production Source: Based on Elson and Evers Supplemental estimates by World Bank. Data sources: WDI 2001; ACGD

Economic Inclusion ?  enterprises face different obstacles, esp. in access to finance (linked to land rights) “ How can property own property? ” (Ugandan community leader in Human Rights Watch Report, 2003) Source for Chart: Kirkpatrick and Lawson (2004) in Amanda Ellis et al. “Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda: Unleashing the Power of Women,” World Bank, Directions in Development,

The “Double Workday” of Women Source: Benin --Time Allocation Study, UNDP,

Different Transport Burdens (Hours/Year by Sex) Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport … SSATP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA. Women = 100Men = Ghana10.4 Tanzania5.8 Zambia2.1 7

Uganda: Household Spending Patterns Source: UNHS 1999, in Lawson MHHFHH 8

Empowerment: Parliament Source: International Parliamentary Union, 09/30/

Gender & AIDS Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Δ in gender roles w/o Δ in power Early marriage and sex Sexual exploitation related to women’s poverty and powerlessness “When alcohol enters one’s blood system, the first thing it awakens is the sexual urge. Thereafter nothing matters – not even AIDS can stand in the way of a man who wants to have sex”. Chairman of Kajaho Village, aged 54 years 10 Source: A Social and Gender Assessment of HIV/AIDS Among Refugee, IDP, and Host Populations in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, Great Lakes Initiative on AIDS, September 2006.

Source: UNAIDS, June HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates by Age (15-24) and Gender, Selected SSA Countries Trends in HIV Prevalence Rates, , by Age (15-24) and Gender, Selected SSA Countries Sources: For 2001: UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, For 1999: UNAIDS Country Data Files, June

Risk and Vulnerability n Multiple sex partners n Social norms n sexual domination n knowledge n power/violence n Economic power n command over resources n High-risk behavior of regular partner n Social norms n virginity/passivity n culture of silence n value of motherhood n Economic insecurity n exchange sex for money/favors ♂ ♀ = increased risk & vulnerability for BOTH men and women 12

Spousal Violence Source: Population Reference Bureau,

Source: UNAIDS, June Trends in HIV Prevalence Rates , by Age (15-24) and Gender, Selected SSA Countries Attitudes to Wife Beating Source: Country DHS Surveys, Various Years, 14

Early marriage …. Axiom(?): “Abstinence until marriage, fidelity in marriage” End of problem? Married adolescent girls higher HIV rates than sexually active unmarried girls > coital frequency, < condom use = “virtually eliminates ability to abstain” = greater exposure to unprotected sex Husbands 3x more likely to be HIV+ than boyfriends of single girls Marriage as presumed “safe haven” from HIV. Does this encourage early marriage? Source: Based on Shelly Clark, “Early Marriage and HIV Risks in SSA,” Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 35, No. 3, September

n Act on different development priorities (Invest in the “household economy”) n Employment & economic opportunity (“Gender Equality as Smart Economics”) n Empowerment MDG3 (Promote women’s “agency”) An Engendered Agenda 16

Investments in water and fuel infrastructure significantly reduce time on collection activities Potential average annual time savings Lusaka Rural (Zambia) Kaya (Burkina Faso) Mbale (Uganda) Kasama* (Zambia) Dedougou* (Burkina Faso) Annual time savings (hours per household) Potable water within 400m Woodlots within 30 mins walk Water and fuel investments significantly reduce collection time * Kasama & Dedougou already within the target for water. Source: Barwell 1996, in Engendering Development, PRR, > 660 hrs/yr > 240 hrs/yr Uganda > 900 hrs/yr = + 17

Thank You! 18