The Age of Imperialism Chapter

What is imperialism? The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country

What is Imperialism? Why do Europeans do this? Why do Europeans do this? Industrialization sparks the need for: Industrialization sparks the need for: Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Natural resources and raw materials Natural resources and raw materials New markets for products New markets for products

Remember this?

Well, they need this

What is Imperialism? Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies Politics Politics Society Society Economy Economy Culture and customs Culture and customs

Types of Imperialism Methods of Management Methods of Management Direct Control Direct Control Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture Indirect Control Indirect Control Limited self-rule for local governments Limited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial & local officials Legislative body includes colonial & local officials

Types of Imperialism Forms of Control Forms of Control Colony Colony Governed by a foreign power Governed by a foreign power Protectorate Protectorate Governs itself, but under outside control Governs itself, but under outside control Sphere of Influence Sphere of Influence Outside power controls investments & trading Outside power controls investments & trading Economic Imperialism Economic Imperialism Private business interests assert control Private business interests assert control

I. The Scramble for Africa Africa Before European Domination Africa Before European Domination Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Africans controlled their own trade networks Africans controlled their own trade networks Europeans only had contact on African coasts Europeans only had contact on African coasts

The Scramble for Africa (cont) Nations compete for overseas empires Nations compete for overseas empires Europeans wanted more land Europeans wanted more land Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Africa was a mystery to many Africa was a mystery to many Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Humanitarians – “ westernize ” the “ savages ” Humanitarians – “ westernize ” the “ savages ”

How/Why Did It Begin? This is Belgium This is Congo (Africa) This is Belgium This is Congo (Africa)

How/Why Did It begin? Congo River Valley Chiefs signed treaties that gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal control of these lands Congo River Valley Chiefs signed treaties that gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal control of these lands Leopold claimed he planned on ending the slave trade there Leopold claimed he planned on ending the slave trade there He licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans He licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger than Belgium The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger than Belgium This alarms other European countries, who start claiming lands of their own all over Africa This alarms other European countries, who start claiming lands of their own all over Africa

The Scramble for Africa (cont) Forces Driving Imperialism Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiority Belief in European superiority Racism Racism Social Darwinism Social Darwinism Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiority European technological superiority Europeans had means to control Europeans had means to control New medicines prevent diseases New medicines prevent diseases

The Division of Africa The Berlin Conference (1884) The Berlin Conference (1884) Europeans leaders divide Africa Europeans leaders divide Africa No African ruler invited No African ruler invited Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups By 1914 – Only independent nations By 1914 – Only independent nations Liberia Liberia Ethiopia Ethiopia

According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa? How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

South Africa Three Groups Clash for Power Three Groups Clash for Power Africans Africans Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation lost to British in 1887 Zulu nation lost to British in 1887 Boers Boers Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s Also known as Afrikaners Also known as Afrikaners British British Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference

Boer War Fought between the Boers and the British Fought between the Boers and the British Many Africans fought with the Boers Many Africans fought with the Boers First example of “ total war ” First example of “ total war ” British win in 1910 British win in 1910 Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule) Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

II. Case Study: Nigeria Britain ’ s control of Nigeria Britain ’ s control of Nigeria Britain takes control by diplomacy & force Britain takes control by diplomacy & force All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914 All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914 Nigeria very culturally diverse Nigeria very culturally diverse 250 ethnic groups 250 ethnic groups British utilize indirect rule British utilize indirect rule Local chiefs resent limits on their rule Local chiefs resent limits on their rule

African Resistance Africans Confront Imperialism Africans Confront Imperialism Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons Unsuccessful Movements Unsuccessful Movements Algeria fights the French for 50 years Algeria fights the French for 50 years German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths Successful Movements Successful Movements Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II Plays Europeans against each other Plays Europeans against each other Stockpiles modern weapons Stockpiles modern weapons Defeats Italy and remains independent Defeats Italy and remains independent

Legacy of Imperialism Negative Effects Negative Effects Africans lose land and independence Africans lose land and independence Many lives are lost Many lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdown Traditional cultures breakdown Division of Africa creates problems that continue today Division of Africa creates problems that continue today Positive Effects Positive Effects Reduces local fighting Reduces local fighting Sanitation improves Sanitation improves Hospitals and schools created Hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth Technology brings economic growth

III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands The Ottoman Empire Loses Power The Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Empire begins to decline in 1566 Death of Suleiman I Death of Suleiman I Modernization movements are unsuccessful Modernization movements are unsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independence Greece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire Russia seeks Ottoman land Russia seeks Ottoman land Access to a warm-water port Access to a warm-water port Russia loses war Russia loses war Ottomans are shown to be weak Ottomans are shown to be weak Russia still is able to take land Russia still is able to take land

Crimean War First war to be covered by newspaper First war to be covered by newspaper First to have army nurses (led by Florence Nightingale) First to have army nurses (led by Florence Nightingale) Article from the Christian Article from the Christian Weekly News February 5, Weekly News February 5,

Europeans Grab Territory England gains control of: England gains control of: India – natural resources India – natural resources Suez Canal – international trade Suez Canal – international trade Persia – oil and tobacco Persia – oil and tobacco Russia gains control of: Russia gains control of: Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Afghanistan – oil Afghanistan – oil

Egypt and the Suez Canal Muhammad, ruler of Egypt- started reforms in government and economy Muhammad, ruler of Egypt- started reforms in government and economy Grandson Isma ’ il continued modernizing by supporting construction of Suez Canal- man made waterway connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean Grandson Isma ’ il continued modernizing by supporting construction of Suez Canal- man made waterway connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean Built with French money and Egyptian labor Built with French money and Egyptian labor Opened in 1869 with big international celebration Opened in 1869 with big international celebration Modernization too expensive, Egypt couldn ’ t pay back loans to European bankers Modernization too expensive, Egypt couldn ’ t pay back loans to European bankers Britain insists on taking financial control of canal and in 1882, British occupy Egypt Britain insists on taking financial control of canal and in 1882, British occupy Egypt Considered “ lifeline ” of the empire Considered “ lifeline ” of the empire

The Suez Canal

IV. British Imperialism in India British Expand Control over India British Expand Control over India East India Company East India Company Controls India thru economic imperialism Controls India thru economic imperialism Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “ sepoys ” Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “ sepoys ” India was seen as the most important colony India was seen as the most important colony Due to its production of raw materials Due to its production of raw materials Known as the “ Jewel in the Crown ” Known as the “ Jewel in the Crown ”

Effects of British Rule Impact of Colonialism Impact of Colonialism Railroads move cash crops and goods faster Railroads move cash crops and goods faster British control political and economic power British control political and economic power Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Britain sought to “ modernize ” India Britain sought to “ modernize ” India

The Sepoy Rebellion Indians Rebel Indians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat Considered unclean by Muslims Considered unclean by Muslims Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellion British put down the rebellion Results Results Britain takes direct control of India Britain takes direct control of India Increased distrust between Indians and British Increased distrust between Indians and British

Nationalism in India Call for reforms Call for reforms India adopts modernization movements India adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western ways Many Indians adopt western ways Religious Issues Remain Religious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Called for independence from Britain Called for independence from Britain Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

Imperialism in Southeast Asia European Powers Invade the “ Pacific Rim ” European Powers Invade the “ Pacific Rim ” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) Why? Why? Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture Excellent for plantation agriculture

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Results Results Modernization helps the European businesses Modernization helps the European businesses Education, health, and sanitation improves Education, health, and sanitation improves Millions migrate to find work Millions migrate to find work Racial and religious clashes increase Racial and religious clashes increase

England ’ s Empire Grows

V. Imperialism in China and Japan China vs. The West China vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for trade China was self-sufficient – no need for trade China kept a favorable balance of trade China kept a favorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balance Europeans were able to shift the balance Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Opium War ( )– China vs. Britain Opium War ( )– China vs. Britain China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Chinese power over the West ends Chinese power over the West ends

China vs. The West Foreign Influence Grows Foreign Influence Grows Growing Spheres of Influence Growing Spheres of Influence A Surge in Chinese Nationalism A Surge in Chinese Nationalism Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign privilege Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign privilege Beginnings of Reform Beginnings of Reform China tried to become more western China tried to become more western Further added to internal problems Further added to internal problems

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in Japan Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan ’ s isolation Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan ’ s isolation Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries

Imperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth Japan gained Russian territory Japan gained Russian territory Russia forced out of Korea Russia forced out of Korea Japan Controls Korea Japan Controls Korea Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Begins a period of extreme oppression Begins a period of extreme oppression

THE END