Warm Up Ch 26 1.What product made ships stronger and larger? 2.Alfred Nobel invented what? 3.2 things railroads did: 4.Middle class vs. Working class women: 5.What did Karl Marx believe? 6.Who unifies Germany? 7.What US commander opened Japan for trade?

Chapter 27 New Imperialism

I. Motives and Methods –A. Political Motives –Desire to gain national prestige –Governors would take over neighboring territories and then inform home government –Do first ask questions later –B. Cultural Motives –Missionaries went to civilize colonies through Christianity –White Man’s Burden—Europeans are morally and culturally superior and it is their responsibility to “civilize” colonies –Young men were attracted to adventure and glory showing their nationalism overseas

–C. Economic Motives –Industrialization of Europe and NA stimulated demand for minerals and crops (sugar, coffee, tea, and tobacco) –Entrepreneurs looked for profit in mines, plantations, and railroads in Asia, Africa, and Latin America –Looked for support of home government for diplomacy and military power

–D. Tools of the Imperialist –Europeans were given greater mobility through steamships, railroads, submarine cables, and the Suez Canal –Discovery of quinine could prevent malaria –Impact: Europeans can travel through Africa safely –Breech loading guns were faster and more accurate –Smokeless powder made automatic firearms not jam –Machine guns now created a larger gap between African and European firearms

British troops are taking quinine July 1916

–E. Colonial Agents and Administration –Home countries looked to industrialize colonies –Modern scientific and industrial methods were added to the colonies –Indirect Rule—leave ruler and rule from home country –Direct Rule—take out leader and put in your own –Protectorate: retaining traditional government and western country protects you (not independent country) –Mafia… –Youth in colonial countries: trained for “modern” jobs like clerks, nurses, police officers, customs inspectors

1895 Maxim gun used in African Imperialism

II. The Scramble for Africa –A. Egypt –Egypt built the Suez canal with French and British money –French sold shares to the Egyptians; Egyptians sold their shares to British and in 1882 British sent armies to secure their loans through indirect rule –Europe developed colonies and these technologies in Africa really only benefited the elite landowners and merchants

–B. Western Africa –French built railroads in West Africa –Otto von Bismark called the Berlin Conference in 1885 to lay out framework of the African territories –Africans were not invited to the conference –When European nations claimed a territory then were required to tell other nations and prove it could control –Current boundaries in Africa derived out of the Berlin Conference –Trade happened mostly on the coast but now railroads can connect central and coastal Africa

–C. Southern Africa –Cecil Rhodes used his British South African Company to take control of Central Africa –By 1880s British policy in South Africa is set by Cecil Rhodes –Gold is discovered on Boer (Dutch) lands, but they refuse to grant political rights to foreigners, including the British –Cecil gets rich off diamond and gold companies and gains control of a territory north of the Transvaal and names it Rhodesia

Cecil Rhodes

The Boer War –The Boers, although greatly outnumbered, use guerrilla warfare and gain the advantage –The Boers are eventually defeated and their land goes to Britain 1910 Union of South Africa –Combines Cape Colony and the Boer republics into a self-governing nation within the British Empire –Only white people could vote –Apartheid = South African government’s official policy of legalized racial segregation

–D. Political and Social Consequences –In the scramble for Africa Italy tries to conquer Ethiopia and is unsuccessful –Europeans make money from cash crops and the land was given to European companies and planters –Hut taxes and head taxes were common forcing some Africans to cities and mining camps –E. Cultural Responses –Missionaries were the most common Europeans Africans would make contact with –Missionaries taught both western ideas and crafts

–Africans now are educated in Christianity and are using this knowledge to critique colonialism –Muslims knowledge is expanding as well throughout Africa III. Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific –A. Central Asia –Qing dynasty fell and the Russians are now able to expand southward –B. Southeast Asia and Indonesia –Burma, Malaya, Indochina, and Sumatra all were conquered by Social Darwinism

British Imperialism

–Reason: all areas had fertile soil and high developed agriculture –Impact: Immigration from India and Chinese laborers to Southeast Asia and the spread of Islam –C. Hawaii and Philippines –Between the U.S. becomes an industrial power with a foreign empire –US Gains Samoa, depose Queen Liliuokalani and annex Hawaii in 1898 –Reason: have lots of sugar plantations there –1898 Spanish-American War – win and gain Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines –Impact: Filipinos are angry and want independence and one Filipino even assassinates President McKinley

IV. Imperialism in Latin America –A. Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade –British and US entrepreneurs funded industrialization in Latin America…Why? –The elite of Latin America knew this was easiest and quickest way to industrialized –B. American Expansionism and Spanish American War –Monroe Doctrine states that Europeans can no longer intervene in Western Hemisphere affairs –US beats Spain in War and gains Puerto Rico and Cuba becomes independent with US overseeing

policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention

–C. American intervention in Latin America –Panama Canal: –French began constructing the canal in 1880 –French abandoned 13 years later after 22,000 deaths from malaria and yellow fever –US launches an effort 5,600 die but canal is opened in 1914 The United States, under President Theodore Roosevelt, bought out the French equipment and excavations for US$40 million and began work on May 4, The United States paid Colombia $25,000,000 in 1921, seven years after completion of the canal, for redress of President Roosevelt's role in the creation of Panama, and Colombia recognized Panama under the terms of the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty.Theodore RooseveltThomson-Urrutia Treaty

V. World Economy and Global Environment –A. Expansion of the World Economy –Age of Imperialism brought new technologies and trade to distant and underdeveloped places –Canals, steamships, harbor improvements (locks), and railroads cut cost and time –B. Transformation of Global Environment –Agriculture in new places could now support larger populations but put pressure on the land