Precedent for Exploration and Expansion Alexander the Great Roman Empire Ming Dynasty (China) Vikings Crusades Ottoman Empire Alexander the Great

Timeline Period of intense exploration Following exploration is colonization Periods is from 1400s-1700s

Motives Spread the Faith Expand Knowledge Economic and Trade Historian J.M. Roberts Answer

Early Explorations Portuguese and Spanish dominated international exploration in 15 th and 16 th centuries Portuguese mostly explored eastward (Africa and Asia) Spain united by Isabel and Ferdinand in 1482 Begin exploring westward (Americas) Christopher Columbus Isabel and Ferdinand

North America English and French become major power players in the 16 th and 17 th centuries Main focus in 16 th century South America 1497 John Cabot 1534 Jacques Cartier 1583 First English Colony 1603 First French Colony

Ignatius of Loyola Born in Spain in 1491 Injured in battle Converted in recovery Saw his calling to be a soldier of God Founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1540

Focuses of the Jesuit Order Spiritual Discernment Obedience to the Pope (Fourth Vow) Contemplative Action

Missionary Activities Mandate of Matthew 28 Challenge of understanding foreign cultures Challenge of evangelizing foreign cultures Discovery of foreign cultures raises questions about salvation

Jesuit Approach to other Cultures Uphold what is virtuous in other cultures Work with previous evangelization Primordial Revelation

Mission in India Portuguese reach India in 1498 By 1510, establish colonies Portuguese turn to Jesuits for support Send Fr. Francis Xavier Xavier arrives in Goa in 1541 Spends remainder of his life in Asia Dies in 1552

Missionaries in South America Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans Spanish formed alliances through marriage with Natives Jesuits embraced enculturation Converted pre-Christian religious sites to churches Turn sun worship into Eucharistic worship Monstrance

Missionaries in North America Norse Catholics arrive in 11 th century France arrives with Catholic Presences in 15 th century Jesuits and Récollets Jesuits enculturate while Récollets try to Europeanize Jesuit Father, Jean de Brebeuf

Catholicism in a Protestant Empire 1759, New France conquered by English 1774, Quebec Act British allow Catholics to exist in their Empire Catholics have equality to Protestants Some tensions in some parts of the country In the long run, creates greater tolerance English and French have to cooperate 1847, Irish immigrants come over

Westward Missions In 18 th century, Jesuits move westward Spread the faith in the prairies Missions Canada

Social Impact on Canada No formal separation between Church and State Collective Rights Church built up infrastructure Religious orders also established social safety nets The Legacy of Catholic Institutions in Canada