Crete, September 2013 GOSEM SS Prof. Panebianco Stefania University of Catania

The EU as an international actor in the post-Arab Spring The literature on the EU as a global actor: - EU as: an ‘actor’ (Sjøstedt, 1976), a ‘presence’ (Allen and Smith, 1990; 1998), having a ‘role’ (Hill, 1993; 1998) or an ‘impact’ (Ginsberg, 2001); playing roles (Elstroem & Smith, EU as power: ‘civilian’ (Duchêne, 1972); ‘normative’ (Manners, 2002); ‘ethical’ [‘liberal superpower’ (Youngs, 2010: 2); ‘force for good’ (Barbé & Johansson-Nogué, 2008)], ‘divided’ (Panebianco, 2012).

The EU and the Med: a normative versus a realist approach? “Norms and interests are inextricably linked” NORMATIVE RETHORIC ≠ REGIONAL CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS The normative power Europe paradigm : the EU is characterized by a set of common principles shared by its Member States, which act as a whole diffuse ideals such as democracy and rule of law in other region. (Manners, 2002) The EU as a normal actor seeks its own interests (Wood, 2009); the realist critique (Hyde-Price, 2006, 2008)

Democracy Promotion Democratic Institution- Building Socio- Economic Pluralism Economic Development DEMOCRACY as the solution for economic underdevelopment, instability and insecurity ( Democratic Peace Theory)

The EU Democracy Support after Spring 2011 A Renovated Strategy to achieve ‘deep democracy’ Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean countries (Commission’s Communication "A new response to a changing Neighbourhood”, 8 March 2011; Joint Communication by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the European Commission “A New Response to a Changing Neighbourhood. A review of European Neighbourhood Policy”, 25 May 2011; Joint Communication on “Supporting Closer Co- operation and Regional Integration in the Maghreb”, 20 December 2012). This Partnership requires a ‘differentiated’ approach reflecting the reform progress of each country and relies upon three elements: democratic transformation and institution-building, a stronger partnership with the people (specific emphasis on civil society), sustainable and inclusive growth and economic development especially support to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Pragmatic change: from a policy of containment to a policy of engagement (Behr, 2013)

The ‘new’ principles and criteria of EU democracy support strategy More for more (e.g. Tunisia) 3 Ms: money, mobility, markets Reviewing and adjusting EU Neighbourhood Policy Moving towards advanced status in Association Agreements Enhancing political dialogue European Endowment for Democracy It is a new reframing of the traditional EU’s discourse on democracy promotion (CDA byTeti)

The EU as a divided power in the Mediterranean? 7 EU reaction to systemic challenges Different interests of EU member EUFP complex institutional famework EU MED Policy Adaptive policy Lowest common denominator policy ‘Schizofrenic’ policy

The EU Foreign Policy Complex Institutional Setting EUFP as the result of interactions and linkages between EU and national levels in European Foreign Policy making Member States The Commission and its President The European Parliament HR/Commission’s VP EEAS A principal-agent framework, Furness 2013

Between old and new debates The EU Capability- Expectations Gap (Hill, 1993; Helwig, 2013)