The Meeting of Cultures Chapter 1

Intro Bering Straight By 15 th century, estimated million people

America before Columbus Civilizations of the South –Incas Powerful empire

Mayans –Sophisticated culture with written language

Aztecs –Nomadic warrior tribe –Ruled over much of central and southern Mexico Tenochtitlan

Setbacks Incas had no written language

Civilizations of the North Tribes north of Mexico did not develop as large or political systems as elaborate as the Incas, Mayas and Aztecs

Great Plains Region –farming Eastern –Algonquin tribes

Iroquois Confederation Centered in upstate New York Tribes: –Seneca

Muskogean Southernmost region of the Eastern seaboard Tribes –Chichasaws fragile alliances

Tribal Cultures Agriculture –i. maize –Astronomy –Mayan concept of “zero’ Fake Smile

Tribal Cultures Religion –closely bound to the natural world Difference in Mentality and Social Roles

Europe Looks Westward 16th Century Europe –Bubonic Plague –The Beginning of Capitalism –New Governments

First Wave: The Explorers Early Individuals – Purpose/Incentive –

First Wave: The Explorers Cont’d Christopher Columbus (1492, 1493, 1498, 1502)

First Wave: The Explorers Cont’d Christopher Columbus (1492, 1493, 1498, 1502) –Believed world was smaller (than it is!) – In response to Columbus’s success, Spain

Second Wave: Conquistadors Individuals and conquests –Cortez = Aztecs –

Second Wave: Conquistadors Cont’d Purpose/Incentives –

“The Sword and The Cross” AKA weapons 3 G’s= God, Glory, and Gold Superior weaponry – Religion –

“The Sword and The Cross” AKA weapons Cont’d Disease Natives did not have immunity to these diseases Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond

Third Wave: Officials and Missionaries Officials – crops livestock Missionaries

EUROPE RECEIVED COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AMERICAS RECEIVED FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES, PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE, TOBACCO FOOD SUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY, OATS, WINE GRAPES ANIMALS TURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS, RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS ANIMALS HORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS, COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN DISEASES SYPHILIS DISEASES SMALLPOX, MEASLES, INFLUENZA RELIGION CHRISTIANITY WEAPONS AND TOOLS GUNS AND IRON TOOLS Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. History Review

The Beginning of African Slavery in the New World Southern Sahara/Guinea history –

The Beginning of African Slavery in the New World Cont’d Slavery as custom in Africa – Demand for Slavery in Americas –

English Incentives for Colonization Commercial –rise of the merchant class Mercantilism Religious –Martin Luther –

English Incentives for Colonization Cont’d John Calvin –

English Incentives for Colonization Cont’d English Reformation –

English Incentives for Colonization Cont’d English Defeats Spanish Armada – Elizabeth dies/ James I takes over

Different Strategies, Different Places, Different Countries English in Ireland – French Strategy –

Different Strategies, Different Places, Different Countries Cont’d Dutch Strategy (aka Netherlands/Holland) –Independence from Spain/Holy Roman Empire in 1600s –

Different Strategies, Different Places, Different Countries Cont’d First English Efforts –Raleigh and Gilbert – –Roanoke 1585 located off the coast of North Carolina

Different Strategies, Different Places, Different Countries Cont’d Roanoke 1587 – Desire to colonize remained alive