Bell Ringer What were the causes for exploration? List 2 What were the effects of exploration? List 2

Causes of Exploration Traders want faster TRADE routes to ASIA Traders want faster TRADE routes to ASIA Explorers search for adventure, glory and riches Explorers search for adventure, glory and riches Spanish desires to spread Christianity Spanish desires to spread Christianity Increase in knowledge and education sparks curiosity about the rest of the world, especially Asia Increase in knowledge and education sparks curiosity about the rest of the world, especially Asia

Effects of Exploration The search for the fabled Northwest Passage will lead to European control of all of North America European settlements are founded mercantilism Trade and mercantilism grows European nations compete for colonies Conflicts with Native Americans develop Slavery is introduced to the Americas Three Cultures Clash--- NA/African /European

T-Chart (Know) What do you know about Christopher Columbus? List anything…and everything you know!

Exploration & Colonization

European Colonization Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four (plus one) European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four (plus one) European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. – Portugal – Spain – France – England + the weaker Netherlands + the weaker Netherlands This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars European Colonization

Portugal

The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia….. The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia….. – Prince Henry the Navigator – 1450’s Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil

European trade routes

Spain

Spanish first to pursue colonization Spanish first to pursue colonization Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain – St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers

Christofo Colon [ ] Reject of Portugal & Italy 1: Bahamas & Hispaniola 1: Bahamas & Hispaniola 2: Caribbean Islands and return to Hispaniola 2: Caribbean Islands and return to Hispaniola 3: Venezuela 3: Venezuela – Arrested by Spain 4: Convinced King to return 4: Convinced King to return – Spanish rescue boat returned to save crew

Impact of Columbus Opened Americas to European colonization Opened Americas to European colonization Destruction of Natives on Islands Destruction of Natives on Islands No Northwest Passage No Northwest Passage Set in motion the Colombian Exchange Set in motion the Colombian Exchange

Colombian Exchange The transfer of various plants, animals, diseases between Western and Eastern Hemispheres The transfer of various plants, animals, diseases between Western and Eastern Hemispheres Helped Europe’s population increase Helped Europe’s population increase N.A. populations decreased N.A. populations decreased

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores

Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for SpainSpanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain Some methods were harsh and brutal to the Native American population.Some methods were harsh and brutal to the Native American population. With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native AmericansWith every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans

Religious Divisions Emerge in Europe (1517) Protestant Reformation spread across Europe (1517) Protestant Reformation spread across Europe – Start of new religious era in Europe Martin Luther questioned authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church. Martin Luther questioned authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church. – Protestants = protested the corruption and materialism of church – Believed in individual’s right to seek God through direct teachings from Bible and ministers that preached evangelical sermons – Without a unifying Pope, the protestants formed into many different denominations Religious rivalries grow and help shape the development of the colonies in America Religious rivalries grow and help shape the development of the colonies in America

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries

Development of New Spain (since 1492) Spain wanted to change policy and sent priests and missionaries to: Spain wanted to change policy and sent priests and missionaries to: – Establish order, maintain a peaceful control, and convert the NA to the Catholic Church. Many Spanish colonizers realized the remoteness and isolation of the New World so chose not to come Many Spanish colonizers realized the remoteness and isolation of the New World so chose not to come The religious missionaries, or friars, were the most successful colonizing force for Spain The religious missionaries, or friars, were the most successful colonizing force for Spain

Spain’s Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlements Official European Colony

New Spain’s Treatment of Native Americans Spanish colonists needed workers for their ranches, farms, and mines. Spanish colonists needed workers for their ranches, farms, and mines. To help them Spain gave them encomiendas – To help them Spain gave them encomiendas – – land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from the Indians Death toll continued to rise so the Spanish looked across the Atlantic to Africa (slave trade) Death toll continued to rise so the Spanish looked across the Atlantic to Africa (slave trade)

French saw success of the Spanish and wanted to make own claim in America (in the North) Explorers not as interested in setting up colonies Northwest Passage and TRADE – More interested in the Northwest Passage and TRADE – New France had little gold or silver Profited from fishing, trapping, and trading Profited from fishing, trapping, and trading Brought Catholic missionaries who taught Native Americans about Christianity Brought Catholic missionaries who taught Native Americans about Christianity

Development of New France (early 1500’s) Founded small settlements along the St. Lawrence River and fortified forts as trading posts for the fur trade Founded small settlements along the St. Lawrence River and fortified forts as trading posts for the fur trade New France was very slow to develop New France was very slow to develop – Dense forests – Long winters – Iroquois raids Mississippi River allowed French to lay claim to the Louisiana Territory Mississippi River allowed French to lay claim to the Louisiana Territory – New Orleans set up as a way to keep out the English settlers and seaport to ship goods back to France

Treatment of Native Americans in New France French traded with the Native Americans French traded with the Native Americans – Traded knives, kettles, and cloth for furs and skins – Native Americans even taught the French survival skills – Some French men married Native American women Iroquois tribe did hate the French and spend many years raiding forts and fighting influx of French trappers and their NA allies Iroquois tribe did hate the French and spend many years raiding forts and fighting influx of French trappers and their NA allies

New France

The Dutch – New Netherlands The Dutch – New Netherlands Exploration occurred accidentally Exploration occurred accidentally The Dutch sustained their way of life through the fur trade and from having ports The Dutch sustained their way of life through the fur trade and from having ports One of the most famous ports was that of New Amsterdam (NYC). One of the most famous ports was that of New Amsterdam (NYC).

Treatment of Native Americans in New Netherland Dutch traded with the Native Americans Dutch traded with the Native Americans They sought alliances with the Native Americans so they could control the fur trade They sought alliances with the Native Americans so they could control the fur trade – Dutch – Iroquois