NGfL CYMRU GCaD PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Below: Domestic cold water storage tank. Above: hot water boiler PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Once water is heated, it is stored in a hot water storage tank for distribution to radiators and taps. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Cold and hot water tanks shown together. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Combination (combi) boiler: these boilers supply hot water on demand, and do not require a hot water storage tank. They are ideal for small buildings, such as apartments. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Hot water can also be provided by localised boilers, such as the one shown right. Note that the cover has been removed to show the inside of the boiler. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Above: water boilers in a large office building. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Waste gases from boilers are discharged to atmosphere via flues, such as those shown above. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Wash hand basin, taps, waste pipe and bottle trap. W.C. cistern and macerator. The macerator can be fitted to W.C.s installed in basements, and will reduce solids to a liquid before waste enters a foul drain. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Left: plastic pipe work running through floor joists. Right: Shower head, mixer valve and shower tray. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Copper pipe is widely used in plumbing applications PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Plastic foul drain pipes waiting connection to W.C. s. Note the slope of the pipe, known as the “fall.” This varies, depending upon the diameter of the pipe. HIGHER LOWER PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Plastic waste pipes, awaiting connection to wash hand basins during construction of a University. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD To reduce environmental impact in buildings, sustainable energy can be used. The above picture shows a solar panel, one of a bank of several on the roof of a new building. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Rainwater harvesting can be used to collect rain water for use in W.C.s. Advantages are lower costs of water during the lifetime of a building, less reliance on mains water and reduced environmental impact. A disadvantage is higher costs of equipment during construction. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Rainfall is collected via the building’s gutters, and is directed to a storage tank. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD The water is then pumped through a filter (left) into a header tank (shown right), ready for use. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS

NGfL CYMRU GCaD Should a dry spell of weather affect collection of water, then pumps can draw water supplies from the mains. PLUMBING APPLIANCES & COMPONENTS