2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipid Notes IB Biology HL 1 Mrs. Peters Fall 2014

U1. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates simple sugars General formula (CH2O)n Major nutrients for cells

U1. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides: Linked using condensation reaction to disaccharides and polysaccharides Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose C6H12O6

U1. Monosaccharides Glucose: energy source carried by the blood to cells Galactose: used to make milk

U1. Monosaccharides Fructose: used to make fruit sweet tasting and attractive to animals

U1. Disaccharides Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond between monosaccharides using condensation) Ex: sucrose; maltose; lactose

U1. Disaccharides Sucrose: glucose + fructose; carried by phloem to transport energy to cells in plants

U1. Disaccharides Maltose: 2 glucose; used in creating starch Lactose: glucose + galactose; the sugar in milk; source of energy

U1. Polysacchrides Polysaccharides: storage and structural macromolecules made from a 40- over 1000 monosaccharides using the condensation reaction Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

U1.Polysaccharides Storage Polysaccharides Starch: found in plants, polymer made of long chains glucose molecules that coil into a helical shape, used for energy, compact shape and insoluble

U1. Polysaccharides Storage Polysaccharides **Glycogen: found in animals, a highly branched polymer of glucose (short term energy storage in liver and muscle cells), insoluble

U1. Polysaccharides Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose: used to make strong fibers; major components on plant cell walls, long straight chains of glucose Bioweb.wku.edu

U2. Fatty Acids Fatty Acid: a long hydrocarbon “tail” with a carboxyl group at the head end

U2. Fatty Acids Fatty Acid Types: Saturated: have no double bonds in the carbon chains Unsaturated: have double bonds in carbon chains

U2. Fatty Acids Fatty Acid Types: Monounsaturated: have one double bond in carbon chains Polyunsaturated: have more than one double bond in carbon chains

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures: cis-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the two carbons of the double bond are on the same side

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures: cis-fatty acids: Have a bend in the carbon chain Usually liquid at room temp – oils Have a lower melting point

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures: trans-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons in the double bond are on the opposite sides.

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures: trans-fatty acids: Do not have a bend in the carbon chain Solid at room temperature – usually artificially produced – margarine and partially hydrogenated

U4. Triglycerides Triglyceride: Examples: fat in adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds

U4. Triglycerides Triglyceride: Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol by condensation reactions Used as energy stores, used during aerobic cell respiration Examples: fat in adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds

Types of Lipids Phospholipids: major components of cell membranes Hydrophilic head Two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) Draw and label a phospholipid

Carbohydrates vs. Lipids Twice as much energy per gram than carbs, but harder to break down (slow process) Non-polar, insoluble Long term energy storage Lipid storage is lighter for same amount of carbs; stored as fat in animals Used for insulation and buoyancy in animals Carbohydrates Easily digested, energy is released more rapidly Soluble in water, easy to transport Short term energy storage Stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants

Time to Build!! Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of carbohydrates.

Time to build!! Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of lipids.

Role of Condensation and Hydrolysis Describe how condensation