2-3 CARBON COMPOUNDS TEKS: 9A: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMOLECUES

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon is found in every living creature. Elemental carbon can be black (graphite), or hard and beautiful (diamonds). Building block of fossil fuels (gasoline and oil) Basis of organic chemistry

THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON CompoundsCARBON organic Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.

Why is Carbon (C) so Important? 1. Carbon4 electrons Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbonbonds Carbon can form strong covalent bonds with other elements to become stable. H, N Such as H, N, P, S Example: see book p. 44 Example: see book p. 44

Why is Carbon (C) so Important? 2. Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms Can form chains that are almost unlimited in length C to C bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Chains of carbon can close upon themselves to form rings

STRUCTURAL FORMULAS Benzene

Macromolecules

Macromolecules Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. MONOMERS Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. (mono=one –meros=part) POLYMERS Monomers join to form POLYMERS. (poly=many -meros= part) 4 Polymers found in living things: 4 Polymers found in living things: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Question: How are Macromolecules formed? How are Macromolecules formed?

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “condensation reaction” Also called “condensation reaction” polymersmonomers “removing water” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O

Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”. Separates monomers by “adding water”. HO HH H H2OH2O

1. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1 Main source of energy for organisms Also used for structural purposes Examples: Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

1. Carbohydrates A.Monosaccharide (monomer: one sugar unit) Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseribose glucose

1. Carbohydrates B. disaccharide: two sugar unit Example:maltose - 2 glucose molecules Example:maltose - 2 glucose molecules glucoseglucose

1. Carbohydrates C.polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

2. Lipids not soluble in water General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Made mostly from C and H Examples:1. Fats Examples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

2. Lipids Six functions of lipids: Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

2. Lipids Triglycerides:1 glycerol (monomer)3 fatty acids (monomer) Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol (monomer) and 3 fatty acids (monomer). H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids

Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = unsaturated

3. Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptides Amino acids (monomers) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). 20 different kinds of amino acids found in nature Six functions of proteins: Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage: albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

3. Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure (1°) B.Secondary Structure (2°) C.Tertiary Structure (3°) D.Quaternary Structure (4°)

A.Primary Structure (1°) peptide bonds. Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds. aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

4. Nucleic acids Two types: Two types: a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) b. ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesis are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

4. Nucleic acids Nucleotides (monomers): Nucleotides (monomers): phosphate group sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases adenine (A) adenine (A) thymine (T) in DNA uracil (U) RNA thymine (T) in DNA uracil (U) RNA cytosine (C) cytosine (C) guanine (G) guanine (G)

Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA

Summary of the Organic Molecules