Biochemistry Chapter 3

Water Review Biochemistry 3-1 Carbon Compounds 3-2 Molecules of Life

Water Polarity Hydrogen Bonding Cohesion= same High Specific Heat Adhesion= different Universal Solvent Capillarity

3.1 Carbon Compounds Organic v. Inorganic Carbon (C) Bonding 4 covalent bonds!! Arrangements: chain, branched chain, ring Single, double, triple bonds

Other Forms Carbon Takes

Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group (-OH) Alcohol Carboxyl Group (-COOH) Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic Alcohol Carboxyl Group (-COOH) Acetic Acid Amino Group (-NH2) Phosphate (-PO4)

Large Carbon Molecules Monomers: building blocks Polymers: 2 or more monomers covalently bonded Macromolecules: Large polymers, aka biomolecules 4. Carbohydrates: sugars & starches Lipids: fats, oils, waxes Proteins: enzymes Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA

Biochemical Reactions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuU Condensation Reaction- anabolic AKA Dehydration Synthesis Monomer + monomer  Polymer + H2O Monosaccharides polysaccharides Glycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids Amino acids proteins Nucleotides nucleic acids

Condensation Reaction, aka Dehydration Synthesis ANABOLIC 2 Monomers Bonded= Polymer Remove H2O

Biochemical Reactions Hydrolysis- CATABOLIC Polymer + H2O  monomer + monomer Polysaccharides monosaccharides Separate polymer into: 2 monomers Add H2O

ATP (Energy Currency) Adenosine Triphosphate= ATP Compound with energy body can USE 3 Phosphate groups attached 3rd PO4 bond=STORE MOST ENERGY 3 Phosphate Groups Endergonic vs.Exergonic Energy Storing Energy Releasing AMP + P  ADP ATP  ADP + P ADP + P  ATP ADP  AMP + P

ATP In More Detail http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw

3.2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH2O)n Monomer= monosaccharide Polymer= polysaccharide Functional Groups: Hydroxyl (-OH) Types: Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose= isomers Disaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactose Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen Functions: Easily accessible energy source (glucose) Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)

Monosaccharides: Isomers C6H12O6: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Who Makes What? Glucose and glucose make maltose Glucose and fructose make sucrose Glucose and galactose make lactose All disaccharides

A really big carb… Cellulose

Glycogen Another… Starch

Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N Monomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body Polymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH) Amino (-NH2) R-Group (group that changes & determines aa) Types: muscles, hair and enzymes Substrate: Lock & Key, Induced Fit Factors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pH Functions: Catalyzes reactions (enzymes) Structure Transportation in/out of cell through channels

R Group Carboxyl Amino Acid (Glycine) Amino Amino Acid (Alanine)

Polypeptides form when three or more amino acids are joined Highly twisted and bent due to H-bonding Structure is related to function!!!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4 http://kcassbiochem.wordpress.com/2013/04/13/enzymes-crash-course/

Enzymes are affected by Temperature: – As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases up to an optimum. Then it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C. The active sites are denatured (altered) pH: Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin in stomach works best at 2 Concentration: – As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate of activity increases. As the [ ] of the substrate increases, rate of reaction decreases

Lipids Elements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1) Monomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acids Polymers= triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH), sometimes phosphate (-PO4) Types: Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides (TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids Functions: Stores 2x amount of energy as carbo’s: long term Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL) Waterproof coating on plants (waxes) Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids) Insulation

The Monomers of Lipids Fatty Acid Glycerol Hydroxyl groups Hydrocarbon chain Carboxyl group Fatty Acid Glycerol -COOH group of each Fatty acid is polar. It is attracted to water – Hydrophilic The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is Hydrophobic – being repelled by water.

Lipids: Triglycerides Saturated v. Unsaturated Fatty Acids 1Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1Trigyceride

Phospholipid Bilayer Of Cell Membrane

Steroid: Cholesterol Waxes 1 Fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain Waterproofing, protective cuticle on outside of plants, earwax 4 fused carbon rings with functional group attached Animal Hormones, testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol (needed for normal nerve cell functioning)

Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, P Monomers= Nucleotide 5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base Polymers= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose Functional Group: Phosphate group (-PO4) Types: DNA (in nucleus), RNA Functions: Genetic Information (DNA) Controls cells’ activities (DNA) Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)

Nucleotide & DNA