The Nation in Hard Times The Dust Bowl: - States from Texas to the Dakotas suffered a severe _____________ - The central __________________________were hit especially hard - Topsoil dried out & winds carried soil away in blinding dust storms - This area became known as the ____________________________ - ___________buried farmhouses, fences, trees over large areas of the plains - Shutters over doors & windows couldn’t keep it out - Cause: _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ - The drought & high winds did the rest Migrant Workers: - Hardest hit were poor farmers in Oklahoma & other Great Plains states - Known as “___________” - These families packed all belongings in cars/ trucks & headed west - Became migrant workers: ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________ - Once they reached the west coast, they were ____________________ - ______________feared migrant workers would take away their jobs - Many were attacked by mobs & sent away - Those who found jobs were paid ______________ Women Face the Depression: - Homemakers had to stretch family budgets to make ends meet - Women took in ____________to earn extra ________ - Some took in _______________ to help pay _____________ - Women realized unemployed husbands needed more nurturing to feel worthwhile - Working women literally worked __________________ - To spread jobs around, gov’t refused to hire a woman if her husband had a job Women in the Workplace: - # of married women in the workforce increased by ______% - Educated women took jobs as teachers, secretaries, & social workers - Other jobs: ________________________________________________ An Active 1 st Lady: - Eleanor Roosevelt acted as Pres.’s eyes & ears, touring the country - Visited __________& traveled deep into ____________________ - Studied the condition of homemakers & lives of every day people - Used her position to speak out for women’s rights & _____________

African Americans: - Af. Ams were usually the ____________to lose their jobs when the depression hit – blacks were suffering a ________% unemployment rate (more than twice the ________________) - Denied public works jobs- FDR tried to help Af. Ams by providing jobs for them via the ______________ - The President invited black leaders to the White House to advise him – these unofficial advisers became known as the _____________________ - He followed their wishes BUT denied an _______________law – thought he’d lose the support of the southerners in Congress for his New Deal program - Many black leaders called on Af. Ams to unite/ obtain their civil rights: _________________________________ - Blacks voted & used those numbers to keep up pressure for __________________________ Other Americans Face the Depression: - Fear & insecurity caused by the depression caused violence & discrimination to spread Mexican Americans - MA’s worked in many ____________around the country - Many were __________________ in the West & SW - They faced _____________________ in education & jobs - Many Americans wanted Mexicans to be sent back (400,000 sent back to Mexico) Asian Americans - Americans resented ___________________________________________workers who competed with them for scarce jobs - Violence against _________erupted - The gov’t tried to eliminate __________________by reducing the number of Asians in the U.S – FDR signed a law that provided free transportation for Filipinos who agreed to return to the Philippines & not return Native Americans - ___________– Congress had granted all Nat. Americans citizenship - Still, most Indians continued to live in ______________________ - FDR encouraged __________________________________________ Indian New Deal: laws that gave Native American nations greater control over their own affairs Congress passes the Indian Reorganization Act (_____): Protected & expanded the landholdings of Native American _______________________ - FDR also allowed reservations organize corporations & develop their own _________________________ To provide jobs during the depression, the gov’t set up the Indian Emergency Conservation Work Group: _________________________ _________________________________________________________