Carmelle J. Terborgh, Ph.D. ESRI www.esri.com Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - with a focus on localizing the MDGs Carmelle J. Terborgh, Ph.D. ESRI www.esri.com

Flying Blind Jul 24th 2003 The Economist

We Live in Two Worlds . . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict Natural World Constructed World Self-Regulating Managed . . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict

Context and Content Seeing the Whole Managing Places Patterns Linkages Trends Watersheds Communities Neighborhoods Districts

Abstracting the Real World

What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information A GIS can: create, edit, query, analyze, and display map information on the computer

Geographic Information System Geographic – 80% of government data collected is associated with some location in space Information - attributes, or the characteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location System – a seamless operation linking the information to the geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures …not just software! …not just for making maps!

Who uses GIS? International organizations Private industry Government UN HABITAT, The World Bank, UNEP, FAO, WHO, etc. Private industry Transport, Real Estate, Insurance, etc. Government Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture, etc. Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc. Provincial Agencies for Planning, Parks, Transportation, etc. Non-profit organizations/NGO’s World Resources Institute, ICMA, etc. Academic and Research Institutions Smithsonian Institution, CIESIN, etc.

What can you do with a GIS? The possibilities are unlimited… Environmental impact assessment Resource management Land use planning Tax Mapping Water and Sanitation Mapping Transportation routing and more ...

How does a GIS work? GIS data has a spatial/geographic reference This might be a reference that describes a feature on the earth using: a latitude & longitude a national coordinate system an address a district a wetland identifier a road name

Geography and Databases A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography Polygon 3 Scrub 17 Very high Clay

GIS provides Data Integration Vectors Topology Networks Terrain Surveys Images CAD Drawings Annotation Addresses 27 Main St. Attributes ABC 107’ 3D Objects Dimensions Roads Land Parcels Population Utilities Land Mines Hospitals Refugee Camps Wells Sanitation

Two fundamental types of data Vector A series of x,y coordinates For discrete data represented as points, lines, polygons Raster Grid and cells For continuous data such as elevation, slope, surfaces A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both types of data effectively!

Data Representation Raster Vector Real World

Other features of a GIS Produce good cartographic products (translation = maps) Generate and maintain metadata Use and share geoprocessing models Managing data in a geodatabase using data models for each sector

Hint – having GIS software does not a cartographer make! Good to know something about these issues when creating a map and doing spatial analysis… Scale/Resolution Projection Basic cartographic principles regarding design, generalization, etc.

GIS is (rapidly) evolving Projects Systems Networks Integrated Coordinated Cooperative Societal Collaborative GIS is (rapidly) evolving

GIS as part of your decision making process… Problem Statement – ????? * Geospatial data Ground- Based data Socio- Economic data Other Ancillary data Formulate the question Observe, acquire data * Added Analyze Mitigate and change Seek solutions Diagram courtesy of Michael Goodchild, UCSB

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Definition - the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data Part of many nation’s e-Gov strategy www.GSDI.org

The World Geographic Knowledge Citizens Inventory Decision Support

World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 “Promote the development and wider use of earth observation technologies, including satellite remote sensing, global mapping and geographic information systems, to collect quality data on environmental impacts, land use and land use changes.”

Left - Africa Food Balance is a supply, demand and balance GIS process Left - Africa Food Balance is a supply, demand and balance GIS process. Demand is subtracted from supply to derive food balance, showing areas of surplus and shortage. The GIS model allocates 1998 FAOSTAT domestic and import food production to produce domestic and import calorie supply surfaces for the entire African continent. Right - The Africa water balance model draws total average annual water demand from total average annual renewable water supply to estimate a regional scale watershed water balance. Water supply is derived from ESRI ArcAtlas groundwater discharge and runoff, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Geophysical Data Center precipitation and evapotranspiration.

Poverty Indicators Org: UNAM Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Name: Enrique Soto Alva and Adri∑n BenÃtez Ortega E-mail: ensoa@servidor.unam.mx Software: Arc Info for Workstation and Arc View GIS for PC Hardware: Silicon Graphics O2, Sun, Compaq deskpro The map was created to explain the process of overlaid maps as different indicators of urban poverty in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. The upper map is the summary. The GIS is used to analyze poor areas at a detailed urban scale. File1.jpg

Monitoring fair trade - local banana farmers ArcIMS applications used with local farmers to ensure fair trade.

GIS for planning underdeveloped areas A Tale of Two Cities The formal and the informal Both deserve GIS… complexity is not an accuse! Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

GIS for planning underdeveloped areas Urban poverty measured in terms of quantity and quality of public space. The lack of public open space. Barrios have a percentage of public space between 5% and 10%. In the average city total space constitute over 30% of the total space. The absence of adequate infrastructure, Urban furniture and maintenance which combined produces unhealthy and insecure conditions. Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

GIS for planning underdeveloped areas DEALING WITH A COMPLEX MORPHOLOGY REQUIERES: Understanding the existing physical order Identifying the social order conformed by community ties and with no physical evidence Transformation capacity is determined through a detailed review of the built form Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

GIS for planning underdeveloped areas Analysis of the social network and community ties Sustainability is preserving the small social groups The social network is topology related. Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

Achieving the MDGs requires all of us… …working together!

Thank You! cterborgh@esri.com