1 Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic Department of Computer Science and Engineering Mälardalen University 2003 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CD5590 LECTURE 10

2 Ethics, Privacy and Civil Liberties

3 Some common uses of data about people Public Information Business Transactions Birth Certificates Mail Orders Driver Licenses Telephone Orders Car Registrations Subscriptions Property Records Donations Marriage License Credit Cards Census Records Warranty Cards Telephone Directories Tattslotto,... Consumer Surveys Accounts Payments Passports Visas

4 which can lead to.. Multiple Mailing Lists Subscriptions Entertainment Specials Donations Memberships Catalogues Social Clubs Professional Development Some common uses of data about people

5 Public Information Business Transactions Birth Certificates Mail Orders Driver Licenses Telephone Orders Car Registrations Subscriptions Property Records Donations Marriage License Credit Cards Census Records Warranty Cards Telephone Directories Tattslotto,... Consumer Surveys Accounts Payments Passports Visas Ethics, Privacy and Security Some common uses of data about people

6 Multiple Mailing Lists Subscriptions Entertainment Specials Donations Memberships Catalogues Social Clubs Professional Development Ethics, Privacy and Security

7  Privacy: The right of people not to reveal information about themselves, the right to keep personal information from being misused  Electronic invasion of personal data has become a serious ethical issue Ethics, Privacy and Security

8 Invasion of Privacy. Would you agree to:  Your shopping habits, your income, to be available to any number of businesses ?  Your medical records being used by your employer as one of the means of making decision regarding promotions, hiring, redundancy ? Ethics, Privacy and Security

9 Ethics, Privacy and Security US  The rapid expansion of use of the Internet and E-Commerce has raised many problems with privacy aspects.  In America there exists the ‘Association of Corporate Privacy Officers’ which would indicate that there is much interest and concern regarding privacy of data.

10 Ethics, Privacy and Security US  Privacy Officers : - train employees about privacy - examine a company’s policies for potential risks - manage customer-privacy disputes - inform senior executives on how the company deals with privacy issues

11 Database Security: is the protection of a database from – unauthorised access – unauthorised modification – destruction PRIVACY is the right of individuals to have some control over information about themselves INTEGRITY refers to the correctness, completeness and consistency of data Security

12 AIMPREVENTS - Confidentiality- Unauthorised disclosure - Integrity- Unauthorised Amendment - Availability- Unauthorised Withholding Security Systems: 1. Computer Security 2. Communications Security - transmission - encryption 3. Procedural security 4. Physical security Security

13 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

14 What are civil rights and what are civil liberties? Civil Rights = The right of every person to equal protection under the law and equal access to society’s opportunities and public facilities. Civil Liberties = Individual rights that are protected from infringement by government.

15 CIVIL LIBERTIES 1.The Bill of Rights 2.First Amendment: Freedom of Religion 3.First Amendment: Freedom of Speech and Press 4.The Right to Keep and Bear Arms 5.The Rights of Criminal Defendants 6.The Right to Privacy

16  Civil liberties are the personal rights and freedoms that the federal government cannot abridge, either by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation.  These are limitations on the power of government to restrain or dictate how individuals act. CIVIL LIBERTIES

17 The Right to Privacy  Privacy is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, nevertheless some areas are to be off-limits to government interference.  Examples: – The right to Abortion – The right to Homosexuality – The Right to Die

18 Civil Liberties after Sept 11

19 Privacy before Sept. 11 th  Tradeoff between security and privacy has always been a major issue for most Americans  Most sided with privacy at the expense of security  84% of Americans were concerned about the government, businesses, or individuals collecting information on them

20 Privacy Before Sept 11 th, cont.  54% were “very concerned”  Only a minor portion of America (13%) supported FBI internet surveillance to catch criminals  62% of Americans thought that new laws should be created to guarantee that privacy would be protected from government agencies

 On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C.

22 Shift in Public Opinion

23 Government Reaction  The government is reacting to public opinion polls and are passing new controversial laws that expand government power  Have already passed many ‘anti-terrorism’ bills that cover matters such as wiretaps, electronic surveillance, regulation of airports, etc.

24  Internet wiretapping scheme  Installed at ISPs (Internet Service Providers)  Maintained and operated by FBI  Monitors all , both incoming and outgoing

25 Cryptography  Evidence produced from the Libyan bombings that Osama bin Laden, the suspected mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, used phones scrambled by strong cryptography to hide the planning of the Libyan bombings  Evidence produced by the US government suggests that similar methods were used by the terrorist network for 9/11 attacks as well

26 Cryptography  The US government has charged that such cryptography aids terrorism more than it protects privacy and therefore should be banned

27 Conclusions  Public opinion will most likely remain concerned with security for months and years to come  Government expanding law enforcement powers  Privacy subordinated public safety

28 Ethical Challenges in a Public Health Crisis – SARS Epidemic

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34 Reference: Ross Upshur, University of Toronto