Drill 2 Quote: It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters. Epictetus Agenda: Cornell Notes (10 mins) Scientific Inquiry (10-15 mins) Scientific Inquiry (10-15 mins) Macromolecules Macromolecules Warm-up: List 4 safety practices that should always be used in a science classroom.

MACROMOLECULES Organic Compounds and Their Properties Biochemistry Notes

Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of: molecules containing carbon to carbon bonds. Macromolecules are very large organic molecules.

Four Biological Macromolecules Carbohydrates- starches & sugars Lipids- fats Proteins Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA

Building Blocks of Life To build macromoleucles, smaller units (subunits) called monomers are put together. Many single units, called monomers, bond together to form larger chains called polymers.

Fig Monomer Polymer

Carbohydrates starches and sugars Elements: 1C:2H:1O

Carbohydrates MONOMER: Glucose – C 6 H 12 O 6 -simple sugar that cell’s use as its main source of energy (Blood Sugar) POLYMERS: Starch, Glycogen, & Cellulose

Food Sources: –Starches: bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potato, oats –Sugars: candy, fruit, milk, sodas Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Storage Starch – molecules created by plants to store excess glucose. Shape: Long polymer chains of glucose Glycogen – molecules created by animals to store excess glucose in the liver and in muscle tissue until needed. Shape: Long branching polymer chains of glucose

Structural Carbohydrate Cellulose – forms cell walls of plants and gives plant structural support -found in wood, paper, cotton, straw. -source of dietary fiber (vegetables & fruit) Shape: Long compact polymer chains of glucose

All are polymers of Glucose Cellulose

LIPIDS Fats, Oils & Waxes Elements: C,H,O Lipids are non-polar –repel water.

Lipid Monomers Monomers: Fatty Acids and Glycerol. Two polymers: Saturated & Unsaturated fats. GLYCEROLGLYCEROL F a t t y A c i d s

Importance of Lipids (fats) Functions in body: Provide long term energy (1 gram fat = 9 calories, 1 gram carbohydrate = 4 calories) Major part of cell membranes Provide insulation/cushion to body organs

Lipid Polymers

Where found: Most vegetable oils, canola oil, olive oil GLYCEROLGLYCEROL F a t t y A c i d s Unsaturated fats: The Good Fats Shape: 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol “E”=liquid

Saturated fats: The Bad Fats Where found: animal fat, butter, bacon, margarine, shortening Shape: 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol “E”=solid GLYCEROLGLYCEROL F a t t y A c i d s

Where else can I find Lipids? Cholesterol Some hormones Beeswax and earwax

PROTEINS Elements:C,H,O,N

PROTEINS Monomers: Amino Acids -20 different ones (the order and kind determine the type of protein) Two polymers: Structural Proteins & Enzymes Food Sources: Meats, fish, eggs, beans, cheese, milk

Importance of Structural Proteins 1. Build and repair muscle, bone, tendons, ligaments, hair, feathers, nails, skin,etc. 2. Part of cell membranes. 3. Helps blood transport oxygen and form clots. 4. Aid with the immune system defense.

Shape of a Structural Protein

Where are they found? FeathersSilkHair & Nails MusclesBonesSkinBlood

Enzymes Function-biological catalyst that speeds up & controls all chemical reactions in the body Shape: Long chains of amino acids folded into shapes that have grooves to fit other molecules.

Enzymes- have an active site where a substrate binds.

Fragile Enzymes Enzymes are found working in every cell of the body. Any extreme change in pH or temperature can denature or unravel a protein. Denatured proteins can not return it their original shape and no longer function. Denatured proteins can not return it their original shape and no longer function.

Nucleic Acids Elements:C,H,O,N,P

NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomers: N ucleotide Polymers: DNA, RNA, ATP Food Sources: Fresh unprocessed foods foods Parts of a Nucleotide S P NB

DNAFunction: DNA stores the genetic information needed to build your body, and maintain it for life. Shape: Double Helix- two chains of nucleotides bonded down the middle like a zipper to form a twisted ladder shape. Where Found: In the nucleus of every cell of the body.

Structure of DNA

RNAFunction: RNA carries out the instructions found in DNA. It is used in making proteins. Shape: A single chain of nucleotides Where Found: Inside and outside of nucleus.

RNA and DNA Structure