Seismic Thickness Estimation: Three Approaches, Pros and Cons Gregory A. Partyka bp.

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Presentation transcript:

Seismic Thickness Estimation: Three Approaches, Pros and Cons Gregory A. Partyka bp

Outline IntroductionIntroduction Three Approaches Examples Pros and Cons

Outline IntroductionIntroduction Three Approaches Examples Pros and Cons

Blocky Wedge Model Travel Time (ms) REFLECTIVITY Temporal Thickness (ms)

Blocky Wedge Model Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) Amplitude Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms)

Blocky Wedge Model Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) Amplitude Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms)

Outline Introduction Three ApproachesThree Approaches Examples Pros and Cons

Three Approaches to Thickness Estimation 1.Conventional peak-trough time separation amplitude 2.Spectral Decomposition 1 st dominant frequency and amplitude 3.Spectral Decomposition discrete frequency components

Three Approaches to Thickness Estimation 1.Conventional peak-trough time separationpeak-trough time separation amplitudeamplitude 2.Spectral Decomposition 1 st dominant frequency and amplitude 3.Spectral Decomposition discrete frequency components

Conventional Thickness Estimation Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) Amplitude Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms)

Conventional Thickness Estimation Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) Amplitude Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) tuning thickness Widess, M.B., 1973, How Thin is a Thin Bed?, Geophysics, vol. 38, pg Kallweitt, R.S. and Wood, L.C, 1982, The Limits of Resolution of Zero-Phase Wavelets, Geophysics, vol.47, pg

Conventional Thickness Estimation Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) Amplitude Travel Time (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) Temporal Thickness (ms) Peak-Trough Time Separation (ms) Largest Negative Amplitude tuning thickness tuning thickness = * frequency upper tuning thickness Widess, M.B., 1973, How Thin is a Thin Bed?, Geophysics, vol. 38, pg Kallweitt, R.S. and Wood, L.C, 1982, The Limits of Resolution of Zero-Phase Wavelets, Geophysics, vol.47, pg

Three Approaches to Thickness Estimation 1.Conventional peak-trough time separation amplitude 2.Spectral Decomposition 1 st dominant frequency and amplitude1 st dominant frequency and amplitude 3.Spectral Decomposition discrete frequency components

Spectral Decomposition uses the discrete Fourier transform to: –quantify thin-bed interference, and –detect subtle discontinuities.

Spectral Interference Source Wavelet Amplitude Spectrum Thin Bed Reflection Amplitude Spectrum Thin Bed Reflection Reflected Wavelets Source Wavelet Thin Bed Reflectivity Acoustic Impedance Temporal Thickness Fourier Transform Fourier Transform Amplitude Frequency Temporal Thickness 1 The spectral interference pattern is imposed by the distribution of acoustic properties within the short analysis window. Paryka, Gridley and Lopez, The Leading Edge, vol 18, no 3, 1999

Blocky Wedge Model Travel Time (ms) REFLECTIVITY Temporal Thickness (ms)

Spectral Interference Travel Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Temporal Thickness (ms)

Spectral Interference and Frequency Travel Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Temporal Thickness (ms) The temporal thickness of the wedge (t), determines the period of notching in the amplitude spectrum (P f ) with respect to frequency. Temporal Thickness 1 P f = 1 / t

Spectral Interference and Thickness Travel Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Temporal Thickness (ms) The value of the frequency component (f), determines the period of notching in the amplitude spectrum (P t ) with respect to bed thickness. Frequency 1 P t = 1 / f

Spectral Interference Travel Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) REFLECTIVITY SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Temporal Thickness (ms) Bandwidth Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude

Spectral Interference Bandwidth Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude

Thickness via 1 st Dominant Frequency and Amplitude Bandwidth Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude 1 st Dominant Frequency

Frequency upper and Frequency 1st-dominant = tuning thickness = * frequency upper 1 2 * frequency 1st-dominant

Thickness via 1 st Dominant Frequency and Amplitude 1 st Dominant Frequency Bandwidth Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) st Dominant Amplitude st Dominant Frequency Amplitude tuning thickness tuning thickness = 1 2 * frequency 0.014sec = 1 2 * 36hz 1st-dominant

Three Approaches to Thickness Estimation 1.Conventional peak-trough time separation amplitude 2.Spectral Decomposition 1 st dominant frequency and amplitude 3.Spectral Decomposition discrete frequency componentsdiscrete frequency components

Spectral Interference Bandwidth Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude

Thickness via Discrete Frequency Components Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) 10hz Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude Amplitude 10hz tuning thickness 10hz amp 10hz tuning thickness tuning thickness = 1 2 * frequency 0.050sec = 1 2 * 10hz 1st-dominant

Thickness via Discrete Frequency Components Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) 20hz Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude Amplitude 20hz tuning thickness 20hz amp 20hz tuning thickness tuning thickness = 1 2 * frequency 0.025sec = 1 2 * 20hz 1st-dominant

Thickness via Discrete Frequency Components Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) 30hz Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude Amplitude 30hz tuning thickness 30hz amp 30hz tuning thickness tuning thickness = 1 2 * frequency 0.017sec = 1 2 * 30hz 1st-dominant

Thickness via Discrete Frequency Components Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) 20hz 30hz 10hz Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude Amplitude 20hz tuning thickness10hz tuning thickness 20hz amp 30hz amp 10hz amp 30hz tuning thickness20hz tuning thickness 10hz tuning thickness tuning thickness = 1 2 * frequency 1st-dominant 30hz tuning thickness

Thickness via Discrete Frequency Components Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) 20hz 30hz 10hz Temporal Thickness (ms) Amplitude Amplitude 20hz tuning thickness10hz tuning thickness 20hz amp 30hz amp 10hz amp 30hz tuning thickness20hz tuning thickness 10hz tuning thickness By choosing an appropriately-low frequency component, the entire range of possible thickness is forced below the tuning thickness, and therefore can be quantified using amplitude variability alone. 30hz tuning thickness

Thickness via 1 st Dominant Frequency and Amplitude 1 st Dominant Frequency Bandwidth Travel Time (ms) BANDLIMITED REFLECTIVITY ( hz) BANDLIMITED SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE Amplitude Frequency (Hz) Temporal Thickness (ms) st Dominant Amplitude st Dominant Frequency Amplitude 20hz tuning thickness10hz tuning thickness 30hz tuning thickness20hz tuning thickness 10hz tuning thickness tuning thickness = 1 2 * frequency 1st-dominant 30hz tuning thickness

Outline Introduction Three Approaches ExamplesExamples Pros and Cons

Example Using discrete frequency components to determine relative thickening/thinning.

Simple Channel Cross-Section Animating from low to high frequency, causes amplitude contours to move from thick to thin. REFLECTIVITY SPECTRAL AMPLITUDE travel time (ms) frequency (Hz) 0 250

Example Using discrete frequency components to calibrate reservoir thickness.

Deep-Water Gulf of Mexico 8hz Spectral Amplitude Map WELL #1 Zone 1 1 mile Partyka, Thomas, Turco and Hartmann, SEG 2000

Thickness Modeling Thickness (ft) Frequency (hz) amplitude 1 0 Spectral Signatures Well-Log Interpretation (Zone 1) shale Seismic Modeling (Zone 1) Two-Way Traveltime (ms) amplitude 1 0 depth (feet) 01 sandoil Temporal Wedge Model 6hz 8hz Partyka, Thomas, Turco and Hartmann, SEG 2000

Thickness Calibration 6hz amplitude 8hz amplitude Amplitude 08hz Spectral Amplitude Zone 1 Thickness from 6hz and 8hz energy WELL #1 06hz Spectral Amplitude Zone 1 Modeled Spectral Signatures vs Thickness Zone 1 Frequency (hz) WELL # WELL # mile Thickness (ft) 6hz 8hz Partyka, Thomas, Turco and Hartmann, SEG 2000

Outline Introduction Three Approaches Examples Pros and ConsPros and Cons

Conventional Thickness Estimation Pros: –user and time intensiveness mandates careful QC. Cons: –two attributes are required to quantify thickness: peak-trough time-separation for thickness greater-than the tuning thickness, and amplitude for thickness less-than the tuning thickness. –user and time intensiveness mandates careful QC.

1 st Dominant Frequency and Amplitude Pros: –collapses the Tuning Cube into two maps. –does not require careful seismic event picking when the zone of interest is relatively bright. Cons: –as in the conventional approach, two attributes are required to quantify thickness: 1 st -dominant frequency for thickness greater-than the tuning thickness, and 1 st -dominant amplitude for thickness less-than the tuning thickness.

Discrete Frequency Components Pros: –can be used qualitatively to determine relative thickening/thinning. –can be used quantitatively to calibrate reservoir thickness. –usually exhibit substantially more fidelity than full-bandwidth, conventional amplitude/attributes. Can therefore selectively analyse frequencies exhibitting highest signal fidelity. –usually provide superior rock mass (stratigraphic and structural) and fault definition. –can be integrated with other appropriate information to yield a more comprehensive understanding of the reservoir. –does not require careful seismic event picking when the zone of interest is relatively bright.

Discrete Frequency Components Cons: –complex layer distributions require seismic modeling analysis to determine relationship between spectral response and thickness.